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The objective was to determine the effect of dietary intervention before or during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes. A systematic review was conducted without date restrictions. Randomised controlled trials (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content>s) evaluating whole diet or dietary components and pregnancy outcomes were included. Two authors independently identified papers for inclusion and assessed methodological quality. Meta\u2010analysis was conducted separately for each outcome using random effects models. Results were reported by type of dietary intervention: (1) counselling; (2) food and fortified food products; or (3) combination (counselling\u2009+\u2009food); and collectively for all dietary interventions. Results were further grouped by trimester when the intervention commenced, nutrient of interest, country income and body mass index. Of 2326 screened abstracts, a total of 28 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content>s were included in this review. Dietary counselling during pregnancy was effective in reducing systolic [standardised mean difference (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMD<\/jats:styled-content>) \u22120.26, 95% confidence interval (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) \u22120.45 to \u22120.07; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001] and diastolic blood pressure (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMD<\/jats:styled-content> \u22120.57, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> \u22120.75 to \u22120.38; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Macronutrient dietary interventions were effective in reducing the incidence of preterm delivery (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMD<\/jats:styled-content> \u22120.19, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> \u22120.34 to \u22120.04; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01). No effects were seen for other outcomes. Dietary interventions showed some small, but significant differences in pregnancy outcomes including a reduction in the incidence of preterm birth. Further high\u2010quality <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content>s, investigating micronutrient provision from food, and combination dietary intervention, are required to identify maternal diet intakes that optimise pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T09:55:03Z","timestamp":1406022903000},"page":"5-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Effects of dietary interventions on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ellie","family":"Gresham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Gender Health and Ageing School of Medicine and Public Health Faculty of Health University of Newcastle  Callaghan New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bisquera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Design IT and Statistical Support (CReDITSS) Unit University of Newcastle  Callaghan New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie E.","family":"Byles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Gender Health and Ageing School of Medicine and Public Health Faculty of Health University of Newcastle  Callaghan New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis J.","family":"Hure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Gender Health and Ageing School of Medicine and Public Health Faculty of Health University of Newcastle  Callaghan New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.05.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Evidence Analysis Manual: Steps in the Academy Evidence Analysis Process","author":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19950106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.2007.S103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Nutritional survey of pregnant women in Hungary","volume":"67","author":"Antal M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318195baef","article-title":"Preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy through dietary and lifestyle counseling: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"113","author":"Asbee S.M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39062.520648.BE"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000014201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60716-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01690.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(02)90225-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2000.tb01137.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1994.tb11940.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000231721.42823.9e"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20001130)19:22<3127::AID-SIM784>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511000961"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Department of Health(2014)Therapeutic Goods Administration. 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