{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:27:01Z","timestamp":1773275221507,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship","award":["1069213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1069213"]}]},{"name":"JHU Environment, Energy, Sustainability and Health Institute (E2SHI) fellowship"},{"name":"JHSPH Center of Global Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is often defined as the time from birth to the first non\u2010breast milk food\/liquid fed (EBFLONG), or it is estimated by calculating the proportion of women at a given infant age who EBF in the previous 24\u2009h (EBFDHS). Others have measured the total days or personal prevalence of EBF (EBFPREV), recognizing that although non\u2010EBF days may occur, EBF can be re\u2010initiated for extended periods. We compared breastfeeding metrics in the MAL\u2010ED study; infants' breastfeeding trajectories were characterized from enrollment (median 7\u2009days, IQR: 4, 12) to 180\u2009days at eight sites. During twice\u2010weekly surveillance, caretakers were queried about infant feeding the prior day. Overall, 101\u2009833 visits and 356\u2009764 child days of data were collected from 1957 infants. Median duration of EBFLONG was 33\u2009days (95% CI: 32\u201336), compared to 49\u2009days based on the EBFDHS. Median EBFPREV was 66\u2009days (95% CI: 62\u201370). Differences were because of the return to EBF after a non\u2010EBF period. The median number of returns to EBF was 2 (IQR: 1, 3). When mothers re\u2010initiated EBF (second episode), infants gained an additional 18.8\u2009days (SD: 25.1) of EBF, and gained 13.7\u2009days (SD: 18.1) (third episode). In settings where women report short gaps in EBF, programmes should work with women to return to EBF. Interventions could positively influence the duration of these additional periods of EBF and their quantification should be considered in impact evaluation studies. \u00a9 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T19:10:42Z","timestamp":1470683442000},"page":"740-756","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["How multiple episodes of exclusive breastfeeding impact estimates of exclusive breastfeeding duration: report from the eight\u2010site MAL\u2010ED birth cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ramya","family":"Ambikapathi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fogarty International Center National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret N.","family":"Kosek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gwenyth O.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cloupas","family":"Mahopo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences University of Venda  Thohoyandou Limpopo Province South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crystal L.","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women, Children and Family Health Science, College of Nursing University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruna L.","family":"Maciel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition State University of Cear\u00e1  Fortaleza Cear\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Turab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Aga Khan University  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M Munirul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition and Food Security International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manjeswori","family":"Ulak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health and Institute of Medicine Tribhuvan University  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Bose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College  Vellore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maribel","family":"Paredes Olortegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Investigations Unit AB PRISMA  Iquitos Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Pendergast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School Psychology Program Temple University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Murray\u2010Kolb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences The Pennsylvania State University  State College Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fogarty International Center National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J. 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