{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:07:41Z","timestamp":1791824861223,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The lipid composition of breast milk may have a significant impact on early infant growth and cognitive development. Comprehensive breast milk data is lacking from low\u2010income populations in the Indian subcontinent impeding assessment of deficiencies and limiting development of maternal nutritional interventions. A single breast milk specimen was collected within 6\u00a0weeks postpartum from two low\u2010income maternal cohorts of exclusively breastfed infants, from Dhaka, Bangladesh (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0683) and Kolkata, India (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0372) and assayed for percentage composition of 26 fatty acids. Mature milk (&gt;15\u00a0days) in Dhaka (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a099) compared to Kolkata (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0372) was higher in total saturated fatty acid (SFA; mean 48% vs. 44%) and disproportionately lower in \u03c93\u2010polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), hence the \u03c96\u2010 and \u03c93\u2010PUFA ratio in Dhaka were almost double the value in Kolkata. In both sites, after adjusting for days of lactation, increased maternal education was associated with decreased SFA and PUFA, and increasing birth order or total pregnancies was associated with decreasing \u03c96\u2010PUFA or \u03c93\u2010PUFA by a factor of 0.95 for each birth and pregnancy. In Dhaka, household prosperity was associated with decreased SFA and PUFA and increased \u03c96\u2010 and \u03c93\u2010PUFA. Maternal height was associated with increased SFA and PUFA in Kolkata (1% increase per 1\u00a0cm), but body mass index showed no independent association with either ratio in either cohort. In summary, the socioeconomic factors of maternal education and household prosperity were associated with breast milk composition, although prosperity may only be important in higher cost of living communities. Associated maternal biological factors were height and infant birth order, but not adiposity. Further study is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T06:22:45Z","timestamp":1487139765000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Influence of maternal and socioeconomic factors on breast milk fatty acid composition in urban, low\u2010income families"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Uma","family":"Nayak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health Genomics University of Virginia Charlottesville 22908 Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Kanungo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dadong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health Genomics University of Virginia Charlottesville 22908 Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Ross Colgate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marya P.","family":"Carmolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayan","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masud","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byomkesh","family":"Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjan Kumar","family":"Nandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deok Ryun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilip Kumar","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. B.C. 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