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Human milk and blood at 2, 6, and 24\u00a0weeks post\u2010partum and blood during pregnancy (\u226430\u00a0weeks gestation) were collected from 535 mothers\/infant\u2010pairs in the Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals, and Nutrition study. The participants received ARV, LNS, ARV and LNS, or no intervention from 0 to 28\u00a0weeks post\u2010partum. ARVs negatively affected copper and zinc milk concentrations, but only at 2\u00a0weeks, whereas LNS had no effect. Among all treatment groups, approximately 80\u201390% of copper and zinc and &lt;50% of iron concentrations met the current adequate intake for infants at 2\u00a0weeks and only 1\u201319% at 24\u00a0weeks. Pregnancy haemoglobin was negatively correlated with milk iron at 2 and 6\u00a0weeks (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212.18, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.02 for both). The associations of the milk minerals with each other were the strongest correlations observed (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.11\u2013.47, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05 for all); none were found with infant biomarkers. At 2\u00a0weeks, moderately anaemic women produced milk higher in iron when ferritin was higher or TfR lower. At 6\u00a0weeks, higher maternal \u03b1\u20101\u2010acid glycoprotein and C\u2010reactive protein were associated with higher milk minerals in mildly anaemic women. Infant TfR was lower when milk mineral concentrations were higher at 6\u00a0weeks and when mothers were moderately anaemic during pregnancy. ARV affects copper and zinc milk concentrations in early lactation, and maternal haemoglobin during pregnancy and lactation could influence the association between milk minerals and maternal and infant iron status and biomarkers of inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,29]],"date-time":"2017-08-29T15:15:42Z","timestamp":1504019742000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The effects of a lipid\u2010based nutrient supplement and antiretroviral therapy in a randomized controlled trial on iron, copper, and zinc in milk from <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u2010infected <scp>M<\/scp>alawian mothers and associations with maternal and infant biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0288-7680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Hampel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center  Davis California USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Setareh","family":"Shahab\u2010Ferdows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Gertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0200-3355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie L.","family":"Flax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda S.","family":"Adair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret E.","family":"Bentley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise J.","family":"Jamieson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Tegha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Project  Lilongwe Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles S.","family":"Chasela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Project  Lilongwe Malawi"},{"name":"School of Public Health University of Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Kamwendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Project  Lilongwe Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles M.","family":"van der Horst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsay H.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center  Davis California USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.091546"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.54.12.909"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.105106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.5.1017S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61690-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265090301S108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0911486"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834f324b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2739"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"991","article-title":"The absorption and retention of magnesium, zinc, and copper by low birth weight infants fed pasteurized human breast milk","volume":"11","author":"Dauncy M. 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