{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:16:35Z","timestamp":1782922595175,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,11]],"date-time":"2018-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNICEF Ethiopia","award":["RFP-9101982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFP-9101982"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ethiopia's targeted supplementary feeding (TSF) programme aims to rehabilitate moderately malnourished children and pregnant and lactating women in selected chronically food\u2010insecure districts. Screening for malnutrition is made by health extension workers through the quarterly community health days (CHD) events based on mid\u2010upper arm circumference (MUAC) thresholds. This validation study examined the extent of targeting errors of inclusion (providing aid to the nonneedy) and exclusion (failure to reach the needy) in the TSF programme, among preschool children in 6 TSF districts. The study was conducted within 7\u00a0days after the completion of the CHD event. Multistage cluster sampling was employed to recruit 1,104 children. Data were collected using interviewer\u2010administered questionnaire and by reviewing CHD registers. A paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test was used to compare the MUAC measurements taken during the CHD and during the survey. The study found a global acute malnutrition prevalence of 13.0%. During the CHD, only 54.8% of the children were screened for malnutrition. The overall inclusion and exclusion errors of the TSF were 16.5% and 40.3%, respectively. The reasons for the exclusion errors were low coverage of the screening programme (67.2%) and MUAC measurement errors (32.8%). The mean including standard deviation (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0<jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>) of the MUAC measured by health extension workers (11.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.9\u00a0cm) was significantly lower than the measurements made by fieldworkers in the survey (12.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.0\u00a0cm; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). The study concluded that high targeting errors are committed in the TSF programme of Ethiopia. Targeting can be enhanced through accurate measurement of MUAC and maximization of the coverage of the screening programme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,11]],"date-time":"2018-06-11T09:49:13Z","timestamp":1528710553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Inclusion and exclusion errors in the targeted supplementary feeding programme of Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7838-2470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samson","family":"Gebremedhin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Hawassa University  Hawassa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilahun","family":"Bekele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Science and Nutrition Addis Ababa University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negusse","family":"Retta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Science and Nutrition Addis Ababa University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030345"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Food aid after fifty tears: Recasting its role","author":"Barrett C. B.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Ethiopia mini demographic and health survey 2014","author":"Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Ethiopia: Demographic and health survey 2005","author":"Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia) and ORC Macro","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Ethiopia: Demographic and health survey 2016","author":"Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia) and the Demographic and Health Surveys Program","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9192(99)00030-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/0-8213-5769-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"Targeted supplementary food (TSF) in support of the enhanced outreach strategy (EOS) for child survival interventions: Activity implementation manual","author":"Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Agency and World Food Program","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Jaramillo S. Miranti R.(2015).Effectiveness of targeting in social protection programs aimed to children: Lessons for a post\u20102015 agendaRetrieved fromhttp:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0023\/002324\/232421e.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","volume-title":"Productive Safety Net Programme phase IV: Programme implementation manual","author":"Ministry of Agriculture (Ethiopia)","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"Mowlds S. Nicol W. O'Cleirigh E.(2010).Aid for food and nutrition security. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.oecd.org\/tad\/agricultural\u2010policies\/Bill%20Nicol\u2010Brochure%20final.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.02959.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","volume-title":"Millennium development goals report 2014 Ethiopia: Assessment of Ethiopia's progress towards the MDGs","author":"National Planning Commission of Ethiopia and the United Nations in Ethiopia","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.3186"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"Sharp K. Brown T. Teshome A.(2016).Targeting Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP). Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.ethiopianreview.com\/pdf\/001\/3035.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","article-title":"Food aid and dependency syndrome in Ethiopia: Local perceptions","author":"Siyoum A. D.","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Skau J. Belachew T. Girma T. Woodruff B.A.(2009).Outcome evaluation study of the targeted supplementary food (TSF) program in Ethiopia. World Food Programme."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"Taylor A. Seaman J.(2004).Targeting food aid in emergencies. Emergency Nutrition Network (ENN) Special Supplement. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.unscn.org\/web\/archives_resources\/files\/ENN_Targeting.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"United Nations Children's Fund. (2012a).Evaluation of community management of acute malnutrition: Ethiopia country case study. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.unicef.org\/evaldatabase\/files\/CMAM_Final_Ethioia.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","volume-title":"Evaluation of community management of acute malnutrition (CMAM): Ethiopia country case study","author":"United Nations Children's Fund","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees\/World Food Program. (1999).Guidelines for selective feeding programs in emergency situations. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/publications\/en\/selective_feeding_emergencies.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"Uraguchi Z.B.(2011).Social protection for redistributive justice: Socio\u2010economic and political drivers of vulnerability to food insecurity in Bangladesh and Ethiopia. Paper submitted to the Centre for Social Protection (CSP) Institute of Development Studies (IDS). Brighton UK: University of Sussex."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","unstructured":"World Food Program. (2016).Targeting in emergencies: Policy issues\u2014Agenda item 5. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.wfp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/wfp083629.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","unstructured":"World Food Program Ethiopia. (2016).Drought emergency targeted supplementary feeding programme update #2. 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