{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:45:13Z","timestamp":1785026713565,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>One in four children younger than age five in Guatemala experiences anaemia (haemoglobin &lt;11.0 g\/dl). This study characterized the factors and micronutrient deficiencies associated with anaemia in a baseline cross\u2010sectional sample of 182 Guatemalan infants\/toddlers and 207 preschoolers, using generalized linear mixed models. Associations between anaemia and maternal, child and household variables, and biomarkers (soluble transferrin receptor, ferritin, zinc, folate, vitamin B12, C\u2010reactive protein, and \u03b11\u2010acid glycoprotein) were explored. Rates of anaemia were 56% among infants\/toddlers and 12.1% among preschoolers. In children with anaemia, rates of iron deficiency (low ferritin based on inflammation status, and\/or high soluble transferrin receptor, \u22651.97 mg\/L) and zinc deficiency (serum zinc &lt;65 \u03bcg\/dl) were 81.1% and 53.7%, respectively. Folate deficiency (either plasma folate &lt;3 ng\/ml or erythrocyte folate &lt;100 ng\/ml) was 3.3%. Vitamin B12 deficiency (plasma vitamin B12 &lt;148 pmol\/L) was 7.5%. For infants and toddlers (&lt;24 months), the odds ratio of anaemia was lower when higher number of adults lived in the household (OR = 0.69; 95% CI [0.53, 0.90]), and higher when children were zinc deficient (OR = 3.40; 95% CI [1.54, 7.47]). For preschoolers (36\u201360 months), the odds ratio of anaemia was lower for every additional month of age (OR = 0.90; 95% CI [0.81, 1.00]). Findings suggest that micronutrient deficiencies coexist in Guatemalan rural children, and zinc deficiency is associated with anaemia in children &lt;24 months, highlighting the need of continued multidisciplinary interventions with multiple micronutrients. Further research examining how household composition, feeding practices, and accessibility to micronutrient supplements and to animal source foods is needed to incorporate strategies to improve the nutritional status of Guatemalan children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]],"date-time":"2019-10-09T06:24:55Z","timestamp":1570602295000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Zinc deficiency associated with anaemia among young children in rural Guatemala"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9489-2219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Palacios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mathile Institute for the Advancement of Human Nutrition Dayton Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8339-1681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen M.","family":"Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5566-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"De\u2010Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n para la Prevenci\u00f3n y Estudio del VIH\/SIDA Retalhuleu Guatemala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4694-7569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Alfonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n para la Prevenci\u00f3n y Estudio del VIH\/SIDA Retalhuleu Guatemala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2312-4076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Tilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6285-8182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaley B.","family":"Lambden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7240-5619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Reinhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mathile Institute for the Advancement of Human Nutrition Dayton Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0456-8993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanne H.","family":"Freeland\u2010Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3266-1295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mathile Institute for the Advancement of Human Nutrition Dayton Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6427-4639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen M.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"},{"name":"RTI International, Research Triangle Park North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60103-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26947A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60716-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"417","article-title":"Home observation for measurement of the environment: A validation study of screening efficiency","volume":"81","author":"Bradley R. 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