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In 325 participants, we also measured circulating folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine. Pregnancy outcomes included preeclampsia (PE), gestational hypertension (GHT), small for gestational age (SGA), spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Study findings show that maternal genotype <jats:italic>MTHFR A1298C<\/jats:italic>(CC) was associated with increased risk for PE, whereas <jats:italic>TCN2 C766G<\/jats:italic>(GG) had a reduced risk for sPTB. Paternal <jats:italic>MTHFR A1298C<\/jats:italic>(CC) and <jats:italic>MTHFD1 G1958A<\/jats:italic>(AA) genotypes were associated with reduced risk for sPTB, whereas <jats:italic>MTHFR C677T<\/jats:italic>(CT) genotype had an increased risk for GHT. FA supplementation was associated with higher serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations, reduced uterine artery resistance index and increased birth weight. Women who supplemented with &lt;800 \u03bcg daily FA at 15\u2010week gestation had a higher incidence of PE (10.3%) compared with women who did not supplement (6.1%) or who supplemented with \u2265800 \u03bcg (5.4%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .0001). Higher serum folate levels were found in women who later developed GDM compared with women with uncomplicated pregnancies (Mean \u00b1 SD: 37.6 \u00b1 8 nmol L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> vs. 31.9 \u00b1 11.2, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .007). Fast food consumption was associated with increased risk for developing GDM, whereas low consumption of green leafy vegetables and fruit were independent risk factors for SGA and GDM and sPTB and SGA, respectively. In conclusion, maternal and paternal genotypes, together with maternal circulating folate and homocysteine concentrations, and pre\u2010 and early\u2010pregnancy dietary factors, are independent risk factors for pregnancy complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T10:18:58Z","timestamp":1595931538000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Maternal folate, one\u2010carbon metabolism and pregnancy outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4293-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Jankovic\u2010Karasoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia 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