{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T09:43:52Z","timestamp":1788515032940,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008627","name":"Global Affairs Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90067950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90067950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs), access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is associated with nutritional status including stunting, which affects 144 million children under 5 globally. Despite the consistent epidemiological association between WASH indicators and nutritional status, the provision of WASH interventions alone has not been found to improve child growth in recent randomized control trials. We conducted a literature review to develop a new conceptual framework that highlights what is known about the WASH to nutrition pathways, the limitations of certain interventions and how future WASH could be leveraged to benefit nutritional status in populations. This new conceptual framework will provide policy makers, program implementors and researchers with a visual tool to bring into perspective multiple levels of WASH and how it may effectively influence nutrition while identifying existing gaps in implementation and research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T10:39:15Z","timestamp":1620988755000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Leveraging water, sanitation and hygiene for nutrition in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries: A conceptual framework"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8457-0259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonor","family":"Zavala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9709-3562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon E.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0541-1859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talata","family":"Sawadogo\u2010Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6413-2289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Roberton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2010.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/700766"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003476"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w23239"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70160-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3917\/adh.101.0139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn099"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15261-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1410-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70224-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2005.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002164"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23846\/SR81014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2015.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Toilets can work: Short and medium run health impacts of addressing complementarities and externalities in water and sanitation (Working Paper No. 21521)","author":"Duflo E.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004111"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","article-title":"Hand washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea","volume":"9","author":"Ejemot\u2010Nwadiaro R. 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