{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:15:33Z","timestamp":1787015733202,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The objective of our study was to reanalyse the Ethiopia STEPwise approach to Surveillance Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors survey (NCD STEPS), using causal path diagrams constructed using expert subject matter knowledge in conjunction with graphical model theory to map the underlying causal network of modifiable factors associated with prediabetes\/diabetes and hypertension. We used data from the 2015 Ethiopia NCD STEPS representative cross\u2010sectional survey (males;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093977 and females;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20095823 aged 15\u201369 years) and performed directed acyclic graph\u2010informed logistic regression analyses. In both sexes, a 1\u2010unit higher in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were positively associated with prediabetes\/diabetes (BMI: males: adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.07 [95% confidence interval: 1.0, 1.1], females aOR: 1.03 [1.0, 1.1]; WC: males: aOR: 1.1 [0.9, 1.2], females: aOR: 1.2 [1.1, 1.3]) and hypertension (BMI: males: aOR: 1.2 [1.1, 1.2], females aOR: 1.1 [1.0, 1.1]; WC: males: aOR: 1.6 [1.4, 1.8], females: aOR: 1.3 [1.2, 1.5]). Although residing in urban settings was associated with higher odds of hypertension in both males (aOR: 1.79 [1.49, 2.16]) and females (aOR: 1.70 [1.49, 1.95]), it was only associated with prediabetes\/diabetes in males (aOR: 1.56 [1.25, 1.96]). Males and females in pastoralist areas had lower odds of prediabetes\/diabetes compared with their agrarian counterparts (males: aOR: 0.27 [0.14, 0.52], females: aOR: 0.31 [0.16, 0.58]). Physical activity was associated with lower odds of prediabetes\/diabetes among females (aOR: 0.75 [0.58, 0.97]). Other diet\u2010related modifiable factors such as consumption of fruit and vegetable, alcohol or salt were not associated with either prediabetes\/diabetes or hypertension. Our findings highlight the need to implement interventions that prevent overweight\/obesity and nutrition\u2010related NCDs, particularly in urban areas.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T02:57:15Z","timestamp":1651287435000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Predictors of prediabetes\/diabetes and hypertension in Ethiopia: Reanalysis of the 2015 NCD STEPS survey using causal path diagrams"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9140-0776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Norris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Food Policy Research Institute Collaborator Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9114-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meron","family":"Girma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Information Platforms for Nutrition (NIPN), Ethiopian Public Health Institute Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tirsit","family":"Genye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Information Platforms for Nutrition (NIPN), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemayehu","family":"Hussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Information Platforms for Nutrition (NIPN), Ethiopian Public Health Institute Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0334-3714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Pradeilles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zerihun","family":"Bekele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Information Platforms for Nutrition (NIPN), Ethiopian Public Health Institute Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"van Zyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Information Platforms for Nutrition (NIPN), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9758-2462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aregash","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Information Platforms for Nutrition (NIPN), Ethiopian Public Health Institute Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.093336"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/PUBMED\/FDX008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. 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