{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:55:24Z","timestamp":1792522524506,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We assessed the associations between women's empowerment and anaemia and haemoglobin concentration among children (6\u201359 months) in 31 sub\u2010Saharan African (SSA) countries. We included 72,032 mother\u2013child pairs from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2006 and 2019. A three\u2010dimensional women's empowerment index (attitude towards violence, decision making\u00a0and social independence) was constructed using principal components analysis, and associations between the index and any anaemia and Hb concentration were assessed using multilevel regression.\u00a0The mean (standard deviation) haemoglobin concentration was 102.3 (16.0\u2009g\/L) and 65.8% of the children were anaemic. The odds of anaemia reduced with increasing empowerment in the dimensions of attitude towards violence [quintile (Q5) versus Q1, OR 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65\u20130.89,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.006], decision making (Q5 vs. Q1, OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.61\u20130.84,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001)\u00a0and social independence (Q5 vs. Q1, OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.76\u20130.97,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.015). The mean Hb concentration increased with increasing women's empowerment in the dimensions of attitude towards violence (Q5 vs. Q1, mean difference [MD] 1.40\u2009g\/L; 95% CI 0.63\u20132.17,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and social independence (Q5 vs. Q1, MD 1.32\u2009g\/L; 95% CI 0.36\u20132.28,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001). There was no evidence for a linear trend in the association between decision making and haemoglobin concentration\n                    <jats:italic>(p<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.051).\u00a0Women's empowerment was associated with reduced odds of any anaemia and higher haemoglobin concentration in children. The promotion of women's empowerment may play a role in reducing the burden of childhood anaemia in SSA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T06:49:51Z","timestamp":1662533391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association of women's empowerment with anaemia and haemoglobin concentration in children in sub\u2010Saharan Africa: A multilevel analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6606-6534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calistus","family":"Wilunda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Food Systems Unit African Population and Health Research Center Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4289-4762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milkah","family":"Wanjohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Food Systems Unit African Population and Health Research Center Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risa","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Care Tenri Health Care University Tenri Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kimani\u2010Murage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Food Systems Unit African Population and Health Research Center Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1849-4961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonina","family":"Mutoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Food Systems Unit African Population and Health Research Center Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235825"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-03025-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-03025-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-016-0053-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"A focus on gender: Collected papers on gender using DHS data","author":"Basu A.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0753-5_3252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"Elkasabi M. Ren R. &Pullum T. W.(2020). Multilevel modeling using DHS surveys: A framework to approximate level\u2010weights.\u00a0https:\/\/www.dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/MR27\/MR27.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30292-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.79.3.340"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2019.101763"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"ICF Macro. (2011).Demographic and health survey supervisor's and editor's manual(MEASURE DHS Basic Documentation No. 4)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2021.1987230"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100475"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-508325"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228538"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019654"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/agec.12225"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"Hemoglobin data in DHS surveys: Intrinsic variation and measurement error","author":"Pullum T.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.12583"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2020.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","unstructured":"Salawu M. 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A.(2020).The influence of women empowerment on child nutrition in rural Nigeria.https:\/\/aercafrica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/BMGF-013.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","volume-title":"Anemia testing manual for population\u2010based surveys","author":"Sharman A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","volume-title":"Anemia testing in population\u2010based surveys: general information and guidelines for country monitors and program managers calverton","author":"Sharman A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650502600308"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","volume-title":"Wealth index","author":"The DHS Program","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","volume-title":"Women's empowerment and nutrition an evidence review","author":"Bold M.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(07)61692-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(07)60076-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","volume-title":"Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Vitamin and mineral nutrition information system","author":"WHO","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","unstructured":"World Bank. (2016).Prevalence of anaemia among children (% of children under 5 years).https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SH.ANM.CHLD.ZS"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-019-0129-8"}],"container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mcn.13426","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/mcn.13426","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mcn.13426","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T05:52:32Z","timestamp":1692510752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mcn.13426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mcn.13426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mcn.13426","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.10.01.21264423","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1740-8695","1740-8709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1740-8695","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-8709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-02-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13426"}}