{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:13:22Z","timestamp":1792689202173,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence suggests children HIV\u2010exposed and uninfected (CHEU) experience poor growth. We analysed child anthropometrics and explored factors associated with stunting among Malawian CHEU. Mothers with HIV and their infants HIV\u2010exposed were enroled in a nationally representative prospective cohort within the National Evaluation of Malawi's Prevention of Mother\u2010to\u2010Child HIV Transmission Programme after Option B+ implementation (2014\u20132018). Anthropometry was measured at enrolment (age 1\u20136 months), visit 1 (approximately 12 months), and visit 2 (approximately 24 months). Weight\u2010for\u2010age (WAZ) and length\u2010for\u2010age (LAZ) z\u2010scores were calculated using World Health Organization Growth Standards; underweight and stunting were defined as WAZ and LAZ more than 2 standard deviations below the reference median. Multivariable logistic regression restricted to CHEU aged 24 months (\u00b13 months) was used to identify factors associated with stunting. Among 1211 CHEU, 562\/1211 attended visit 2, of which 529 were aged 24 months (\u00b13 months) and were included. At age 24 months, 40.4% of CHEU were stunted and\/or underweight, respectively. In multi\u2010variable analysis, adjusting for child age and sex, the odds of stunting were higher among CHEU with infectious disease diagnosis compared to those with no diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio\u2009=\u20093.35 [95% confidence interval: 1.82\u20136.17]), which was modified by co\u2010trimoxazole prophylaxis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.028). Infant low birthweight was associated with an increased odds of stunting; optimal feeding and maternal employment were correlated with reduced odds. This is one of the first studies examining CHEU growth since Option B+. Interventions to improve linear growth among CHEU should address their multi\u2010faceted health risks, alongside maternal ART prescription, and follow\u2010up of mother\u2010child pairs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T11:27:30Z","timestamp":1667993250000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Risk factors for stunting in children who are HIV\u2010exposed and uninfected after Option B+ implementation in Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9204-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Toledo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population, Policy, and Practice Research &amp; Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Landes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"van Lettow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth A.","family":"Tippett Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nyanja Health Research Institute  Salima Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health, University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siobhan","family":"Crichton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wezi","family":"Msungama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Lilongwe Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Thorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population, Policy, and Practice Research &amp; Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60103-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135375"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002405"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1911"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61690-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199402000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01593.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30422-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2011.00349.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002678"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60889-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa076"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00190"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"FANTA. 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