{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:19:19Z","timestamp":1790878759473,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Kenya 26% of children under age 5 experience stunted growth, 4% are wasted and 11% are underweight. In pregnant women, the prevalence of iron deficiency is 36% and iron\u2010deficiency anaemia prevalence is 26%. Previous studies have identified affordability as a key barrier to the intake of nutrients, particularly from animal\u2010source foods (ASFs). Thus, this study analyzes to what extent the affordability of ASF in Kenya can be improved. It focuses on four ASFs: eggs, milk, chicken and beef. Using a computable general equilibrium model, three policy simulations were undertaken to establish the impact of potential changes on nutritious ASF availability and affordability: a 20% increase in total factor productivity (TFP) for the four products; a 20% TFP increase plus a 25% reduction in trade and transportation margins; and a 20% TFP increase for ASF and maize (a key input in animal feed). Simulations suggest increasing the productivity of the four ASF products would increase their availability and lower consumer prices (up to 17% lower). Household consumption of the four commodities would increase, resulting in improved household dietary diversity. Rural households would gain more compared with urban households. Poor households (the lowest 40%) would register larger welfare (Equivalent Variation) gains than other households in both urban and rural areas. The richest 20% of the population would neither lose nor gain following the policy changes. Reducing transportation costs and trade margins and increasing maize productivity could further reduce the price of ASFs through lower production costs and increased consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T07:02:07Z","timestamp":1704956527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Modelling policies to improve affordability and consumption of nutritious foods for complementary feeding in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9352-9293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fousseini","family":"Traor\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Food Policy Research Institute Dakar Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Omolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The African Policy Research Institute Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0398-9825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ty","family":"Beal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Nordhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Codjia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF Kenya Country Office Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Kiige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF Kenya Country Office Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penjani","family":"Kamudoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF Kenya Country Office Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Arimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Ministry of Health Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Kirogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Ministry of Health Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flaminia","family":"Ortenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent consultant Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric Djimeu","family":"Wouabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Bergquist L. F.(2017).Pass\u2010through competition and entry in agricultural markets: Experimental evidence from Kenya. Working paper. University of Chicago."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Achieving a nutrition revolution for Africa: The road to healthier diets and optimal nutrition","author":"Covic N.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FAO IFAD UNICEF WFP & WHO. (2022).The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable. FAO.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4060\/cc0639en","DOI":"10.4060\/cc0639en"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2020a).Cost and affordability of healthy diets across and within countries. Background Paper for the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4060\/cb2431en","DOI":"10.4060\/cb2431en"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2020b).Fruit and vegetables\u2014Your dietary essentials. The international year of fruits and vegetables. Background paper 2021.www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/cb2395en"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN). (2016 November).Marketplace for nutritious foods program a pilot case study evaluation of a nutritious food business in Kenya."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) &United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). (2021).Comprehensive Nutrient Gap Assessment (CONGA): Micronutrient gaps during the complementary feeding period."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980000000628"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600662"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz158"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"Kennedy G. Ballard T. &Dop M. C.(2011).Guidelines for measuring household and individual dietary diversity. FAO and European Union."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Kenya Medical Research Institute Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Kenya Ministry of Health United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Micronutrient Initiative & Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN). (2011).The Kenya national micronutrient survey (KNMS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","article-title":"Analysis of household food demand and its implications on food security in Kenya: An application of QUAIDS model (92nd Annual Conference, April 16-18, 2018, Warwick University, Coventry, UK No. 273474)","author":"Korir L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agricultural Economics Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"KNBS. (2014).Kenya demographic health survey report."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"KNBS. (2018).Basic report on well\u2010being in Kenya 2015\/16."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"Lofgren H. Lee R. &Robinson H. S.(2002).A standard computable general equilibrium (CGE) model in GAMS. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marivoet W. Ulimwengu J. M. &Sall L. M.(2020).Kenya policy atlas on food and nutrition security and resilience.","DOI":"10.2499\/p15738coll2.133781"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"Mason N. M. Wineman A. Kirimi L. &Mather D.(2017).The effects of Kenya's \u2018smarter\u2019 input subsidy program on crop production incomes and poverty. Feed the Future Policy Research Brief 26. Michigan State University."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.11.3932S"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordhagen S. Beal T. &Haddad L.(2020).The role of animal\u2010source foods in healthy sustainable and equitable food systems. Discussion paper series #5. 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(2020).Improving young children's diets during the complementary feeding period\u2014UNICEF Programming Guidance[Internet]. Retrieved August 2021 from:https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/documents\/improving-young-childrens-diets-during-complementary-feeding-period-unicef-programming"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"Vigani M. Dudu H. Ferrari E. &Mainar A.(2019 February).Estimation of food demand parameters in Kenya. JRC Technical Reports.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2760\/479781"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2020.555426"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"738","article-title":"Rising food accessibility contributed to the increasing dietary diversity in rural and urban China","volume":"26","author":"Wang H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition"}],"container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mcn.13519","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,21]],"date-time":"2024-01-21T07:03:01Z","timestamp":1705820581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mcn.13519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mcn.13519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mcn.13519","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1740-8695","1740-8709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1740-8695","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-8709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13519"}}