{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T14:00:54Z","timestamp":1779372054204,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a high incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in Ethiopia and folate insufficiency, a primary risk factor for NTDs, is common among Ethiopian women of reproductive age (WRA). Folic acid fortification of salt has been proposed as a strategy to control these problems. In preparation for an intervention trial to assess the nutritional effects of folic acid\u2010fortified salt, we measured discretionary salt intakes among nonpregnant WRA using observed weighed food records, and we assessed household salt disappearance rates. We estimated the distribution of usual discretionary salt intake by adjusting for intra\u2010individual variability using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method, and we simulated the potential effects of two levels of folic acid fortification (30 and 90 ppm folic acid) on folic acid intakes. Mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD of usual discretionary salt intake was 6.8\u2009\u00b1\u20091.9\u2009g\/day. At the 95th percentile of usual discretionary salt intake, the higher fortification level would provide 918\u2009\u00b5g folic acid\/day, which is less than the tolerable upper intake level of 1000\u2009\u00b5g\/day. At the 5th percentile of usual discretionary salt intake, the lower fortification level would provide 124\u2009\u00b5g folic acid\/day, which should produce a statistically significant increase in red blood cell folate concentration. Estimated household salt utilization was 8.8\u2009\u00b1\u20096.1\u2009g\/person\/day. These findings inform plans for a randomized, dose\u2013response intervention trial of folic acid\u2010fortified salt and a possible future national program to mandate folic acid fortification of refined, edible salt in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T06:38:42Z","timestamp":1734158322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of Women's Discretionary Salt Intake and Household Salt Utilization in Preparation for a Salt Fortification Trial in Oromia Region, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4320-7303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac","family":"Agbemafle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition University of California Davis California USA"},{"name":"Fred N. Binka School of Public Health University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Volta Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8538-3466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meseret","family":"Woldeyohannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Nutrition Research Directorate Ethiopian Public Health Institute Gulelle Arbegnoch Street Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7155-4815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masresha","family":"Tessema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Nutrition Research Directorate Ethiopian Public Health Institute Gulelle Arbegnoch Street Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengistu","family":"Fereja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Nutrition Research Directorate Ethiopian Public Health Institute Gulelle Arbegnoch Street Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles D.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition University of California Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biniyam T.","family":"Banjaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition University of California Davis California USA"},{"name":"Food Science and Nutrition Research Directorate Ethiopian Public Health Institute Gulelle Arbegnoch Street Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemayhu","family":"Hussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Nutrition Research Directorate Ethiopian Public Health Institute Gulelle Arbegnoch Street Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9385-6614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadesse","family":"Kebebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Nutrition Research Directorate Ethiopian Public Health Institute Gulelle Arbegnoch Street Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne E.","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California, San Francisco Oakland California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandana","family":"Arabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Technical Services Nutrition International Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Homero","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Technical Services Nutrition International Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1231-9003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine M.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition University of California Davis California USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California, San Francisco Oakland California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth H.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition University of California Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Guidelines on Food Fortification With Micronutrients","author":"Allen L.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X20939423"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/NYAS.13548"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centeno Tablante E. H.Pachon H. M.Guetterman andJ. L.Finkelstein.2019.Cochrane Library Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Fortification of Wheat and Maize Flour With Folic Acid for Population Health Outcomes (Review).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD012150.pub2.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012150.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"370","article-title":"Urinary Sodium Excretion and Determinates Among Adults in Ethiopia: Findings From National Steps Survey","volume":"31","author":"Challa F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ethiopian Journal of Health and Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14562"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coates J. 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