{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T20:19:48Z","timestamp":1778271588879,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The first 1000 days of life lay the foundations for subsequent growth. This ambidirectional study, including prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors, aimed to identify exposure variables affecting body size and composition and corresponding <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score outcomes at age 18 months in infants born to women at low risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in a peri\u2010urban area of South Africa. Prenatal factors (maternal age, HIV status, anthropometry, parity, food insecurity and umbilical artery resistance index <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score (UmA\u2010RIAZ) as a measure of placental function, with higher UmA\u2010RIAZ indicating poorer placental function); perinatal factors (infant sex, gestational age and birth anthropometry) and postnatal factors (infant feeding) were included as exposure variables, with infant anthropometry and body composition at 18 months as outcomes. Simple linear regression analysis was used to investigate associations between exposure variables and infant outcomes, and variables with <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.10 were included in the subsequent multiple regression analyses. Multiple regression analysis showed that higher UmA\u2010RIAZ predicted lower birthweight [\u22120.11\u2009kg (95% CI: \u22120.17, \u22120.04\u2009kg)], birthweight\u2010for\u2010age <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score [\u22120.24 (95% CI: \u22120.39, \u22120.09)] and 18\u2010month infant length [\u22120.9\u2009cm (95% CI: \u22121.4, \u22120.4\u2009cm)] and length\u2010for\u2010age <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score [\u22120.28 (95% CI: \u22120.45, \u22120.11)]. Maternal HIV infection predicted reduced 18\u2010month infant length\u2010for\u2010age <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score [\u22120.46 (95% CI: \u22120.83, \u22120.09)]. Household food insecurity predicted reduced fat\u2010free mass\u2010for\u2010age <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score at 18 months [\u22120.27 (95% CI: \u22120.51, \u22120.03)]. Infant anthropometry and body composition outcomes, therefore, are greatly affected by pre\u2010 and postnatal nutrition\u2010related factors, such as placental insufficiency in utero and household food insecurity, with long\u2010term consequences including stunting, which impact the individual, future generations and society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T05:38:56Z","timestamp":1733204336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring Infant Size and Body Composition at 18 Months: An Ambidirectional Peri\u2010Urban South African Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4138-2418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Mulol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Research Centre for Maternal, Fetal, Newborn and Child Health Care Strategies University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Unit, South African Medical Research Council Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Nel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Maternal, Fetal, Newborn and Child Health Care Strategies University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Unit, South African Medical Research Council Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. A. M.","family":"Wenhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Maternal, Fetal, Newborn and Child Health Care Strategies University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Unit, South African Medical Research Council Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"U. D.","family":"Feucht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Research Centre for Maternal, Fetal, Newborn and Child Health Care Strategies University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Unit, South African Medical Research Council Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-018-0056-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200606000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.9.778"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2016.59.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/364381"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12231"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/phn20062005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"Department of Labour South Africa.2021. \u201cThe National Minimum Wage. A Tool to Close the Wage Gap and to Overcome Poverty 2021.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.labour.gov.za\/DocumentCenter\/Pages\/National-Minimum-Wage-2021.aspx#:~:text=National%20Minimum%20Wage%202021&text=Employment%20and%20Labour%20Minister%20has effect%20from%2001%20March%202021."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00055-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-0679"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255960"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/35.5.1169"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4358-9-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-022-03555-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100792"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00573-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).2010. \u201cHuman Health Series No. 12. Introduction to Body Composition Assessment Using the Deuterium Dilution Technique With Analysis of Saliva Samples by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.iaea.org\/publications\/8369\/introduction-to-body-composition-assessment-using-the-deuterium-dilution-technique-with-analysis-of-saliva-samples-by-fourier-transform-infrared-spectrometry."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.242"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.6.1498"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00128.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23914"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12338"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-018-0159-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","unstructured":"National Department of Health.2017. \u201cBasic Antenatal Care Plus Handbook Second Edition South Africa 2017.\u201dhttps:\/\/sacoronavirus.co.za\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/BANC-Plus-Handbook-Feb-2017-with-NDoH-logo.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2019.v109i5.13611"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-023-01386-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122745"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-022-03406-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2022.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.6.1852"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-023-01321-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16070658.2018.1510251"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349.2010.486827"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","unstructured":"Stats SA.2016. \u201cSouth Africa Demographic and Health Survey 2016: Key Indicator Report.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.statssa.gov.za\/publications\/Report%2003-00-09\/Report%2003-00-092016.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","unstructured":"Stats SA.2021. \u201cRecorded Live Births 2020.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.statssa.gov.za\/?page_id=1856&PPN=P0305&SCH=73006."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","unstructured":"USDA Economic Research Service.2012. \u201cU.S. Household Food Security Survey Module 2012.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/media\/8271\/hh2012.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053622"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60932-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1465-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0409-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v21i1.1079"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","unstructured":"WHO.2018. \u201cWHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience Summary.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-RHR-18.02."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.142513"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","volume-title":"The 2019 National Antenatal Sentinel HIV Survey","author":"Woldesenbet S. A.","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mcn.13780","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T08:37:19Z","timestamp":1746434239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mcn.13780"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mcn.13780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mcn.13780","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1740-8695","1740-8709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1740-8695","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-8709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13780"}}