{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:22:54Z","timestamp":1792092174962,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Micronutrient deficiencies are a significant public health problem, particularly affecting children under five, caused by inadequate intake of micronutrient\u2010rich foods or environmental factors like aflatoxin exposure. Three hundred sixty\u2010nine children aged 6\u201324 months from Tanzania's Babati and Hanang districts participated in this study. Serum aflatoxin albumin adduct (AF\u2010alb) levels were assessed as measures of aflatoxin exposure. Haemoglobin levels, serum ferritin, C\u2010reactive protein, zinc and vitamins A, B9, and B12 were assessed to determine anaemia and deficiencies in iron, zinc and vitamins A, B9 and B12 based on WHO cut\u2010off points. Seventy per cent of the children had detectable levels of AF\u2010alb. The AF\u2010alb geometric mean was 5.99 (95% CI: 5.99, 6.87) pg\/mg. Of those with measured micronutrient markers, 37% were anaemic, and 33%, 75%, 4%, 4% and 73% were deficient in iron, zinc, vitamins A, B9 and B12, respectively. The child's age, gender and stunting were all significantly associated (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) with anaemia and deficiencies in zinc, vitamin A and B12. Moreover, AF\u2010alb was associated with iron deficiency even after adjusting for confounders; children with high AF\u2010alb levels (\u2009&gt;\u20096.07\u2009pg\/mg) were 1.40 times more likely to be iron deficient (AOR\u2009=\u20091.40, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.74). The high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and its association with aflatoxin exposure among young children highlights the urgent need for comprehensive intervention strategies, such as improving dietary diversity and enhancing food safety to reduce aflatoxin exposure. Importantly, longitudinal research is needed to understand the causal effect relationship between aflatoxin exposure and micronutrient deficiencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.70068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T12:50:06Z","timestamp":1752583806000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Cross\u2010Sectional Association Between Serum Aflatoxin and Micronutrient Status Among Children Aged 6\u201324 Months in Rural Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1751-1002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naelijwa","family":"Mshanga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Bioengineering The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology Arusha Tanzania"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, Science and Technology Mbeya University of Science and Technology Mbeya Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1129-7105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neema","family":"Kassim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Bioengineering The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology Arusha Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suchaya","family":"Sonto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment University of Leeds Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2199-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haikael D.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Bioengineering The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology Arusha Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6418-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Pirani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Imperial College London White City Campus London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0249-8645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment University of Leeds Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1980-5242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn I.","family":"Auma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment University of Leeds Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8320-2841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Kimanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Bioengineering The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology Arusha Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4927-5526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Yun","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment University of Leeds Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-016-0064-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2019.1689547"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26420\/jfammed.2021.1257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12250"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.12.2529"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Techniques in Diagnostic Pathology, ELISA Techniques \u2013 New Developments and Practical Applications in a Broad Field","author":"Chapot B.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"The Gap Between Need and Action","author":"Darnton\u2010Hill I.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265070284S412"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2023.1605294"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"Global Nutrition Report.2020. Accessed 11 April 2024.https:\/\/globalnutritionreport.org\/resources\/nutrition-profiles\/africa\/eastern-africa\/united-republic-tanzania\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6954"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7354.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104357"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12791"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5074-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2349"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2016.1138546"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8979456"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxx031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24248\/EAHRJ-D-18-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15167\/2421-4248\/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2752"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v19i3.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/NFS-04-2020-0141"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.90598"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","volume-title":"Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques","author":"Kothari C. R.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0489-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0592686"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233357"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00415-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","unstructured":"Lukmanji Z. E.Hertzmark Tanzania N.Mlingi et al.2008.Food Composition Tables. Muhimbili University College of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam; Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center Dar es Salaam; Harvard School of Public Health Boston MA. p.272. Dar es Salaam."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2024.106892"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-019-0436-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22060962"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050855"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Postharvest Losses in Africa \u2013 Analytical Review and Synthesis: The Case of Tanzania","author":"Mutungi C.","year":"2012","journal-title":"African Insect Science for Food and Health, Technical Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(80)83008-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/jnhfe.2018.08.00268"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9010072"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113756"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32594-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c01833"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80356-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.05.070185.000555"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2007.03.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0730"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","unstructured":"Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS\u2010MIS).2022. Accessed 10 May 2024.https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/PR144\/PPR144.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","unstructured":"Tanzania Food and Drug Authority.2011.Tanzania Food Drug and Cosmetic (Food Fortification) Act. Accessed 17 June 2025.https:\/\/media.tanzlii.org\/media\/legislation\/370047\/source_file\/624ed99511537eea\/tz-act-gn-2011-205-publication-document.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","unstructured":"Tanzania Ministry of Agriculture.2016\/17 Annual Agriculture Sample Survey Initial Report. Accessed on 28 April 2024.https:\/\/www.nbs.go.tz\/nbs\/takwimu\/Agriculture\/2016-17_AASS%20Report%20_Final.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","unstructured":"Tanzania Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives.2012. National Sample Census of Agriculture 2007\/2008 Small Holder Agriculture \u2013 Regional Report \u2013 Manyara Region. Accessed 28 April 2024.https:\/\/www.kilimo.go.tz\/uploads\/Crops_National_Report_(2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.006254"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5753"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_712_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","volume-title":"National Biofortification Guidelines","author":"United Republic of Tanzania","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001125"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12292"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500382"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2014.1824"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265030244S204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgp264"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2018. \u201cTechnical Report Series.\u201dEvaluation of Certain Contaminats in Food. Accessed June 20 2024.https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/254893\/9789241210027\u2010eng.pdf?sequence=1#page=25."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund.2007.Preventing and Controlling Micronutrient Deficiencies in Populations Affected by an Emergency. Accessed August 3 2024.https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/nutritionlibrary\/preventing-and-controlling-micronutrient-deficiencies-in-populations-affected-by-anemergency.pdf?sfvrsn=e17f6dff_4&download=true."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28761"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2017.2284"}],"container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mcn.70068","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T13:39:46Z","timestamp":1758634786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mcn.70068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mcn.70068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mcn.70068","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1740-8695","1740-8709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1740-8695","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-8709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70068"}}