{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T14:50:39Z","timestamp":1758639039744,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterised by glucose intolerance identified during pregnancy, typically resolving postpartum. Globally, the standardised prevalence is 14%. Dietary management is essential in mitigating adverse maternal and infant outcomes, with guidelines recommending low\u2010 or no\u2010carbohydrate snacks to stabilise blood glucose concentrations. However, the influence of snacking patterns on glycaemic outcomes in women with GDM has yet to be assessed by systematic review. Following PRISMA guidelines, this review examines the association between snacking patterns, specifically timing, frequency, and composition, and glycaemia in this population. Electronic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, Maternity and Infant Care (MIDIRS), and CINAHL in April 2024, with an updated search performed in June 2025. Reference lists and citations were also screened. Studies examining the impact of snacking on glycaemia in women with GDM were included. Of the 7405 articles identified, five studies met the inclusion criteria: four 1\u20138\u2010week intervention studies and one 7\u2010day observational study. The included studies showed considerable heterogeneity in their designs. Evidence for a relationship between snacking and glycaemia in GDM was mixed, with some studies suggesting glycaemic benefits from snacking, including bedtime snacking, while others found that bedtime snacks adversely influenced glycaemia. Any association between snacking and glycaemia in individuals with GDM remains inconclusive due to limited available data, study heterogeneity, and conflicting results. The lack of high\u2010quality studies underscores the need for further research to define the role of snacking in glycaemia among this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.70079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T10:18:52Z","timestamp":1753697932000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Influence of Snacking on Glycaemia in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1120-4569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Righton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine V.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London London UK"},{"name":"School of Population Health, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathal","family":"O'Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gr\u00e1inne","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucilla","family":"Poston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women &amp; Children's Health School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy L.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela C.","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London London UK"},{"name":"School of Population Health, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara L.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women &amp; Children's Health School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-019-02099-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association.2024. Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142024. InDiabetes Care(Vol. 47 Issue (Supplement 1) S282\u2013S283).","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-SDIS"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"Beckwith A. S.Ashley\u2010Maguire andV.Gkloumpou the British Dietetic Association (BDA) Maternal and Fertility Nutrition Specialist Group.2024.Gestational Diabetes.https:\/\/www.bda.uk.com\/static\/e2c3fac8-7a56-4f89-849ac39e97f185fe\/Gestational-Diabetes.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03241-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011970.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"Diabetes UK.2023.What Can I Eat With Gestational Diabetes?Diabetes UK.https:\/\/www.diabetes.org.uk\/guide-to-diabetes\/enjoy-food\/eating-with-diabetes\/gestational-diabetes."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2021.1932803"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","article-title":"Exploring the Advice and Rationale of Health Practitioners in Prescribing a Bedtime Snack for Gestational Diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Francois M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition & Food Science International Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcdf.2017.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009275.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14718"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100830"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dai022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2014.06.354"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.7.647"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053753"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-9865202336e220238"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.2022. Diabetes in Pregnancy: Management From Preconception to the Postnatal Period (NG3). 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