{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:46:24Z","timestamp":1792057584519,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Maternal &amp;amp; Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Informal human milk sharing (IHMS) is a contemporary and evolving infant feeding practice. In the qualitative phase of a sequential explanatory mixed methods study, this research explored the experiences, practices, and perceived psychological and emotional impacts of IHMS from the perspectives of donors and recipients in Ireland. Fifteen participants were interviewed: ten donors, three recipients, and two who were donors and recipients. The study is reported according to the standards for reporting qualitative checklist (SRQR). Utilizing reflexive thematic analysis, five themes were identified: (1) Motivations for IHMS, (2) Formal milk banking: invisible, rigid and faceless, (3) The healthcare professional paradox, (4) Navigating risk and safety assurance by the \u201cwee subculture,\u201d (5) Emotional and psychological impact of IHMS. Our findings reveal that participation in IHMS was propelled by personal imperatives and contextual motivations. Formal human milk bank's (HMB's) were described as rigid, invisible and \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>quite the effort.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u201d Participant narratives depict a culture where CMF was \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>pushed left, right and centre\u201d<\/jats:italic>\n                    in maternity settings as well as the intentional concealment of IHMS from healthcare professionals. Safety and risk mitigation were framed through \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>a huge trust network.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u201d IHMS has profound emotional and perceived psychological outcomes that were represented as a \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>light switch<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u201d release of maternal stress and anxiety for recipients while fostering a sense of pride and a \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>nice, warm, fuzzy feeling\u201d<\/jats:italic>\n                    for donors. There is an imminent need for policy reform and robust clinical frameworks to facilitate healthcare professional engagement, risk mitigation and enhancement of the visibility and accessibility of formal HMBs. Future research should evaluate HCP understanding of HMBs and IHMS in Ireland and similarly under\u2010researched regions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.70215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T09:05:08Z","timestamp":1782983108000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Informal Human Milk Sharing: The Experiences and Practices of Informal Human Milk Sharing in Ireland"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Niamh","family":"Vickers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Glasnevin Campus Dublin City University Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, Health Sciences Centre University College Dublin Belfield Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Glasnevin Campus Dublin City University Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5389-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Glasnevin Campus Dublin City University Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","article-title":"Acceptance and Perception of Human Milk Banking: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Adu\u2010Kofi M. A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aihb.aihb_195_25"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"166","article-title":"Survey of Maternity Unit Guidelines Regarding Formula Supplementation of Breastfed Babies","volume":"118","author":"Almaiman A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Irish Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32677\/ijch.v12i8.7660"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020000555"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69909-7_3470-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13686"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Ethnographies of Breastfeeding: Cultural Contexts and Confrontations","author":"Carroll K.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.70144"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232020261.24362018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-024-00667-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","volume-title":"The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood","author":"Hays S.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"Health Service Executive.2022.National Standards for Infant Feeding in Maternity Services.http:\/\/www.hse.ie\/eng\/about\/who\/acute-hospitals-division\/woman-infants\/infant-feeding\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13698230.2025.2528378"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13592"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082328"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17142359"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288230"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16518"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06323-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56238\/edimpacto2025.077-001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-025-00740-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-023-00506-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334418771301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2018.0182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12563"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112297"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2021.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","unstructured":"New Zealand College of Midwives.2019.Consensus Statement: Donor Human Milk and Milk Sharing. Accessed April 20 2026.https:\/\/www.midwife.org.nz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Donor-Human-Milk-and-Milk-Sharing.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334416651067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000388"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2022.2057287"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2019.0027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medhum-2022-012608"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41285-025-00226-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08997640211013907"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Ethnographies of Breastfeeding: Cultural Contexts and Confrontations","author":"Palmquist A.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","volume-title":"Policy Brief: Ensuring Equitable Access to Human Milk for All Infants: A Comprehensive Approach to Essential Newborn Care","author":"PATH","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","volume-title":"\u201cShe was Giving my Child the Essence of Life\u201d: A Mixed\u2010Methods Investigation of Human Milk Sharing Experiences, Practices and Risk Perspectives","author":"Peregoy J. A.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01932-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13368"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334415627024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13652"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1475-6811.2010.01338.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12805"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2023.0149"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33519-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101487"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800410383121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103614"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299367"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.70113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-021-00445-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","unstructured":"Western Health and Social Care Trust.2026.Human Milk Bank.https:\/\/westerntrust.hscni.net\/service\/human-milk-bank\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1618784"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2018.Implementation Guidance: Protecting Promoting and Supporting Breastfeeding in Facilities Providing Maternity and Newborn Services: The Revised Baby\u2010Friendly Hospital Initiative. World Health Organization.https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241513807."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2023.Donor Human Milk for Low\u2010Birth\u2010Weight infants.https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/elena\/interventions\/donormilk-infants."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2025.On World Breastfeeding Week Countries Urged to Invest in Health Systems and Support Breastfeeding Mothers.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/01-08-2024-on-world-breastfeeding-week--countries-urged-to-invest-in-health-systems-and-support-breastfeeding-mothers."}],"container-title":["Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mcn.70215","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/mcn.70215","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mcn.70215","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:00:36Z","timestamp":1792054836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mcn.70215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mcn.70215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mcn.70215","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1740-8695","1740-8709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1740-8695","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-8709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70215"}}