{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:45:51Z","timestamp":1792057551166,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Maternal &amp;amp; Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Climate change has significantly contributed to rising malnutrition rates, particularly in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries. However, evidence linking heat stress to child nutritional status remains limited. This study estimated the association between heat stress exposure and severe stunting, wasting and underweight among rural children across areas with varying vegetation density. We used data from Ethiopia's Food and Nutrition Strategy Baseline Survey, a population\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study conducted between 2021 and 2023. Our study population included a total of 7166 children aged 0\u201359 months. We estimated environmental exposures to heat stress and green areas using satellite\u2010based data on Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We used multilevel logistic regression models to assess associations between heat stress and severe stunting, wasting and underweight, adjusting for child age, maternal education, family size, and household wealth. About 23% of children (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091541) were severely stunted, 5.4% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009443) were identified with severe wasting and 8.4% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009761) with severe underweight. Among children living in low\u2010vegetation areas (NDVI\u2009&lt;\u20090.44), exposure to heat stress was associated with higher odds of severe wasting (AOR\u2009=\u20091.63, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.06\u20132.51) and severe underweight (AOR\u2009=\u20091.63, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.20\u20132.22) compared with children not exposed to thermal heat stress conditions. Conversely, in areas of moderate\u2010to\u2010high vegetation covers (NDVI\u2009\u2265\u20090.44), heat stress was associated with a 28% decrease in odds of severe stunting (AOR\u2009=\u20090.72, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.52\u20130.99). Our findings call on policymakers to implement climate\u2010resilient agriculture, and enhance social protection to safeguard livelihoods and food systems in vulnerable, low\u2010resource settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.70227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T09:40:26Z","timestamp":1785231626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Association Between Heat Stress and Child Stunting, Wasting,\u00a0and Underweight Under Varying Vegetation Covers in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0615-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Abera","family":"Denssa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute Addis Ababa Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Green Chemistry and Technology Ghent University Gent 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