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Host\u2013parasite systems are dynamic, varying in space and time, where both host and parasites must adapt to their ever\u2010changing environment in order to survive. We investigated patterns of local adaptation in raccoon populations with varying temporal exposure to the raccoon rabies virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRV<\/jats:styled-content>).<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRV<\/jats:styled-content>infects approximately 85% of the population when epizootic and has been presumed to be completely lethal once contracted; however, disease challenge experiments and varying spatial patterns of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRV<\/jats:styled-content>spread suggest some level of immunity may exist. We first assessed patterns of local adaptation in raccoon populations along the eastern seaboard of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>orth<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>merica by contrasting spatial patterns of neutral (microsatellite loci) and functional, major histocompatibility complex (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MHC<\/jats:styled-content>) genetic diversity and structure. We explored variation of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MHC<\/jats:styled-content>allele frequencies in the light of temporal population exposure to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRV<\/jats:styled-content>(0\u201360\u00a0years) and specific<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRV<\/jats:styled-content>strains in infected raccoons. Our results revealed high levels of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MHC<\/jats:styled-content>variation (66<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRB<\/jats:styled-content>exon 2 alleles) and pronounced genetic structure relative to neutral microsatellite loci, indicative of local adaptation. We found a positive association linking<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MHC<\/jats:styled-content>genetic diversity and temporal<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRV<\/jats:styled-content>exposure, but no association with susceptibility and resistance to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRV<\/jats:styled-content>strains. These results have implications for landscape epidemiology studies seeking to predict the spread of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRV<\/jats:styled-content>and present an example of how population demographics influence the degree to which populations adapt to local selective pressures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,21]],"date-time":"2014-03-21T08:30:40Z","timestamp":1395390640000},"page":"2287-2298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Spatial patterns of neutral and functional genetic variations reveal patterns of local adaptation in raccoon (<i><scp>P<\/scp>rocyon lotor<\/i>) populations exposed to raccoon rabies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Kyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Department Trent University Peterborough ON Canada K9J 7B8"},{"name":"Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Centre Trent University Peterborough ON Canada K9J 7B8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yessica","family":"Rico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Department Trent University Peterborough ON Canada K9J 7B8"},{"name":"Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Centre Trent University Peterborough ON Canada K9J 7B8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarrah","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Department Trent University Peterborough ON Canada K9J 7B8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vythegi","family":"Srithayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Department Trent University Peterborough ON Canada K9J 7B8"},{"name":"Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Centre Trent University Peterborough ON Canada K9J 7B8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine I.","family":"Cullingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Calgary AB Canada T6G 2E9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley N.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Centre Trent University Peterborough ON Canada K9J 7B8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Pond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Research Development Branch Wildlife Research Development Section Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Peterborough ON Canada K9J 7B8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04507.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02788.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2003.00531.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2008.03955.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700741104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.4.540"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/368455a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-004-0655-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2007.00087.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.1.182"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-01-023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2403126"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012066"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"The ade4 package\u2010I\u2010 One\u2010table methods","volume":"4","author":"Chessel D","year":"2004","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.240326697"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-4571.2012.00238.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"CullinghamCI(2007)Analysis of the genetic structure of raccoons (Procyon lotor) across eastern North America: implications for wildlife disease management. 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