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While immobility and disuse generate muscle loss in most mammalian species, in contrast, hibernating bears and ground squirrels demonstrate limited muscle atrophy over the prolonged periods of physical inactivity during winter, suggesting that hibernating mammals have adaptive mechanisms to prevent disuse muscle atrophy. To identify common transcriptional programmes that underlie molecular mechanisms preventing muscle loss, we conducted a large\u2010scale gene expression screen in hind limb muscles comparing hibernating and summer\u2010active black bears and arctic ground squirrels using custom 9600 probe <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cDNA<\/jats:styled-content> microarrays. A molecular pathway analysis showed an elevated proportion of overexpressed genes involved in all stages of protein biosynthesis and ribosome biogenesis in muscle of both species during torpor of hibernation that suggests induction of translation at different hibernation states. The induction of protein biosynthesis probably contributes to attenuation of disuse muscle atrophy through the prolonged periods of immobility of hibernation. The lack of directional changes in genes of protein catabolic pathways does not support the importance of metabolic suppression for preserving muscle mass during winter. Coordinated reduction in multiple genes involved in oxidation\u2013reduction and glucose metabolism detected in both species is consistent with metabolic suppression and lower energy demand in skeletal muscle during inactivity of hibernation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T15:05:50Z","timestamp":1413299150000},"page":"5524-5537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Comparative functional genomics of adaptation to muscular disuse in hibernating mammals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Vadim B.","family":"Fedorov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks AK 99775 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna V.","family":"Goropashnaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute 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