{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T03:56:33Z","timestamp":1779940593582,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":168,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microbial populations often contain a fraction of slow\u2010growing persister cells that withstand antibiotics and other stress factors. Current theoretical models predict that persistence levels should reflect a stable state in which the survival advantage of persisters under adverse conditions is balanced with the direct growth cost impaired under favourable growth conditions, caused by the nonreplication of persister cells. Based on this direct growth cost alone, however, it remains challenging to explain the observed low levels of persistence (&lt;&lt;1%) seen in the populations of many species. Here, we present data from the opportunistic human pathogen <jats:italic>Pseudomonas\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> that can explain this discrepancy by revealing various previously unknown costs of persistence. In particular, we show that in the absence of antibiotic stress, increased persistence is traded off against a lengthened lag phase as well as a reduced survival ability during stationary phase. We argue that these pleiotropic costs contribute to the very low proportions of persister cells observed among natural <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> isolates (3\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>\u20133\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>) and that they can explain why strains with higher proportions of persister cells lose out very quickly in competition assays under favourable growth conditions, despite a negligible difference in maximal growth rate. We discuss how incorporating these trade\u2010offs could lead to models that can better explain the evolution of persistence in nature and facilitate the rational design of alternative therapeutic strategies for treating infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,26]],"date-time":"2015-02-26T08:18:47Z","timestamp":1424938727000},"page":"1572-1583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Fitness trade\u2010offs explain low levels of persister cells in the opportunistic pathogen <i>Pseudomonas\u00a0aeruginosa<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Kristine","family":"Stepanyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics KU Leuven \u2013 University of Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 bus 2460 3001 Leuven 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den Bergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics KU Leuven \u2013 University of Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 bus 2460 3001 Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Verstraeten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics KU Leuven \u2013 University of Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 bus 2460 3001 Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"De Meester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven \u2013 University of Leuven Charles Deberiotstraat 32 bus 2439 3000 Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Verstrepen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics KU Leuven \u2013 University of Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 bus 2460 3001 Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"VIB Laboratory for Systems Biology Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Bioincubator Leuven Gaston Geenslaan 1 3001 Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"Fauvart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics KU Leuven \u2013 University of Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 bus 2460 3001 Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Michiels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics KU Leuven \u2013 University of Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 bus 2460 3001 Leuven 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