{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T05:18:18Z","timestamp":1780377498809,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]],"date-time":"2015-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Replicated ecological gradients are prime systems to study processes of molecular evolution underlying ecological divergence. Here, we investigated the repeated adaptation of the neotropical fish <jats:italic>Poecilia mexicana<\/jats:italic> to habitats containing toxic hydrogen sulphide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S) and compared two population pairs of sulphide\u2010adapted and ancestral fish by sequencing population pools of &gt;200 individuals (Pool\u2010Seq). We inferred the evolutionary processes shaping divergence and tested the hypothesis of increase of parallelism from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNP<\/jats:styled-content>s to molecular pathways. Coalescence analyses showed that the divergence occurred in the face of substantial bidirectional gene flow. Population divergence involved many short, widely dispersed regions across the genome. Analyses of allele frequency spectra suggest that differentiation at most loci was driven by divergent selection, followed by a selection\u2010mediated reduction of gene flow. Reconstructing allelic state changes suggested that selection acted mainly upon de novo mutations in the sulphide\u2010adapted populations. Using a corrected Jaccard index to quantify parallel evolution, we found a negligible proportion of statistically significant parallel evolution of <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>corr<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a00.0032 at the level of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNP<\/jats:styled-content>s, divergent genome regions (<jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>corr<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a00.0061) and genes therein (<jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>corr<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a00.0091). At the level of metabolic pathways, the overlap was <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>corr<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a00.2545, indicating increasing parallelism with increasing level of biological integration. The majority of pathways contained positively selected genes in both sulphide populations. Hence, adaptation to sulphidic habitats necessitated adjustments throughout the genome. The largely unique evolutionary trajectories may be explained by a high proportion of de novo mutations driving the divergence. Our findings favour Gould's view that evolution is often the unrepeatable result of stochastic events with highly contingent effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]],"date-time":"2015-09-25T17:22:44Z","timestamp":1443201764000},"page":"5446-5459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Unique evolutionary trajectories in repeated adaptation to hydrogen sulphide\u2010toxic habitats of a neotropical fish (<i>Poecilia mexicana<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Pfenninger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Ecology Group Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK\u2010F) Senckenberganlage 25 D\u201060325 Frankfurt am Main Hessen 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