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Current research has focused primarily on the clinical manifestations of disease and little is known about the evolutionary history of <jats:italic>W.\u00a0bancrofti<\/jats:italic>. To improve upon knowledge of the evolutionary history of <jats:italic>W.\u00a0bancrofti<\/jats:italic>, we whole genome sequenced 13 <jats:italic>W.\u00a0bancrofti<\/jats:italic> larvae. We circumvent many of the difficulties of multiple infections by sampling larvae directly from mosquitoes that were experimentally inoculated with infected blood. To begin, we used whole genome data to reconstruct the historical population size. Our results support a history of fluctuating population sizes that can be correlated with human migration and fluctuating mosquito abundances. Next, we reconstructed the putative pedigree of <jats:italic>W.\u00a0bancrofti<\/jats:italic> worms within an infection using the kinship coefficient. We deduced that there are full\u2010sib and half\u2010sib relationships residing within the same larval cohort. Through combined analysis of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes we concluded that this is likely a results of polyandrous mating, the first time reported for <jats:italic>W.\u00a0bancrofti<\/jats:italic>. Lastly, we scanned the genomes for signatures of natural selection. Annotation of putative selected regions identified proteins that may have aided in a parasitic life style or may have evolved to protect against current drug treatments. We discuss our results in the greater context of understanding the biology of an animal with a unique life history and ecology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,6]],"date-time":"2016-02-06T08:16:45Z","timestamp":1454746605000},"page":"1465-1477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Population genomics of the filarial nematode parasite <i>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/i> from mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Scott T.","family":"Small","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Global Health and Diseases School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Avenue Cleveland OH 44106 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa J.","family":"Reimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vector Biology Liverpool School and Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place Liverpool L3 5QA UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Tisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Global Health and Diseases School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Avenue Cleveland OH 44106 USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Avenue Cleveland OH 44106 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Global Health and Diseases School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Avenue Cleveland OH 44106 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce M.","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison 2015 Linden Dr Madison WI 53706 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Siba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research Eastern Highlands Province 441 Goroka Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Kazura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Global Health and Diseases School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Avenue Cleveland OH 44106 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Serre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Medicine Institute Lerner Research Institute 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland OH 44195 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Global Health and Diseases School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University 10900 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