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The innovations that enabled symbiotic assemblages to acquire and maintain large sizes are unknown. We mapped morphometric data against an eight\u2010locus fungal phylogeny across one of the best\u2010sampled thallus size transition events, the origins of the <jats:italic>Placopsis<\/jats:italic> lichen symbiosis, and used a phylogenetic comparative framework to explore the role of nitrogen\u2010fixing cyanobacteria in size differences. Thallus thickness increased by &gt;150% and fruiting body core volume increased ninefold on average after acquisition of cyanobacteria. Volume of cyanobacteria\u2010containing structures (cephalodia), once acquired, correlates with thallus thickness in both phylogenetic generalized least squares and phylogenetic generalized linear mixed\u2010effects analyses. Our results suggest that the availability of nitrogen is an important factor in the formation of large thalli. Cyanobacterial symbiosis appears to have enabled lichens to overcome size constraints in oligotrophic environments such as acidic, rain\u2010washed rock surfaces. In the case of the <jats:italic>Placopsis<\/jats:italic> fungal symbiont, this has led to an adaptive radiation of more than 60 recognized species from related crustose members of the genus <jats:italic>Trapelia<\/jats:italic>. Our data suggest that precyanobacterial symbiotic lineages were constrained to forming a narrow range of phenotypes, so\u2010called cryptic species, leading systematists until now to recognize only six of the 13 species clusters we identified in <jats:italic>Trapelia<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,2]],"date-time":"2016-04-02T20:04:06Z","timestamp":1459627446000},"page":"3453-3468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Escape from the cryptic species trap: lichen evolution on both sides of a cyanobacterial acquisition event"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Sciences NAWI Graz University of Graz Holteigasse 6 A\u20108010 Graz Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Zoology University of Graz Universit\u00e4tsplatz 2 A\u20108010 Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Resl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Sciences NAWI Graz University of Graz Holteigasse 6 A\u20108010 Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toby","family":"Spribille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Sciences NAWI Graz University of Graz Holteigasse 6 A\u20108010 Graz Austria"},{"name":"Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana 32 Campus Drive Missoula MT 59812 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096081"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.1154"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2014.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3852\/14-062"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00285.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Phylobase: Base Package for Phylogenetic Structures and Comparative Data","author":"Bolker B","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Notes on the lichen genus Placopsis (Ascomycotina, Trapeliaceae) in North America","volume":"57","author":"Brodo IM","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bibliotheca Lichenologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1639\/0007-2745-119.1.385"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0341-8162(99)00085-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00378941.1929.10837179"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"Chromas Lite 2.1.1Technelysium South Brisbane Australia. 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