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Many species of marine mammals have experienced dramatic changes in abundance and distribution due to climatic fluctuations and anthropogenic impacts. However, thanks to conservation efforts, some of these species have shown remarkable population recovery and are now recolonizing their former ranges. Here, we use zooarchaeological, demographic and genetic data to examine processes of colonization, local extinction and recolonization of the two northern <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>uropean grey seal subspecies inhabiting the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>altic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>ea and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>orth <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>ea. The zooarchaeological and genetic data suggest that the two subspecies diverged shortly after the formation of the Baltic Sea approximately 4200\u00a0years <jats:sc>bp<\/jats:sc>, probably through a gradual shift to different breeding habitats and phenologies. By comparing genetic data from 19th century pre\u2010extinction material with that from seals currently recolonizing their past range, we observed a marked spatiotemporal shift in subspecies boundaries, with increasing encroachment of North Sea seals on areas previously occupied by the Baltic Sea subspecies. Further, both demographic and genetic data indicate that the two subspecies have begun to overlap geographically and are hybridizing in a narrow contact zone. Our findings provide new insights into the processes of colonization, extinction and recolonization and have important implications for the management of grey seals across northern Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]],"date-time":"2016-09-12T07:37:38Z","timestamp":1473665858000},"page":"4097-4112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Shift of grey seal subspecies boundaries in response to climate, culling and conservation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Fietz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Genomics Section Centre for Geogenetics Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen \u00d8ster Voldgade 5\u20107, DK\u20101350 Copenhagen K Denmark"},{"name":"Marine Evolution and Conservation Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of 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Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Klimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Behaviour University of Bielefeld PO Box 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per J.","family":"Palsb\u00f8ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Evolution and Conservation Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lasse F.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Maritime Museum Tarphagevej 2, DK\u20106710 Esbjerg V Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff A.","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Oceans Institute School of Biology University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TH 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