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John McCloskey Research Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blacklegged ticks (<jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>) are one of the most important pathogen vectors in the United States, responsible for transmitting Lyme disease and other tick\u2010borne diseases. The structure of a host's microbial community has the potential to affect the ecology and evolution of the host. We employed high\u2010throughput sequencing of the 16<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content> r<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> gene V3\u2010V4 hypervariable regions in the first study to investigate the tick microbiome across all developmental stages (larvae, nymphs, adults). In addition to field\u2010collected life stages, newly hatched laboratory\u2010reared larvae were studied to determine the baseline microbial community structure and to assess transovarial transmission. We also targeted midguts and salivary glands due to their importance in pathogen maintenance and transmission. Over 100\u00a0000 sequences were produced per life stage replicate. <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> was the most abundant bacterial genus across all sample types matching mostly the <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic> rickettsial endosymbionts, and its proportion decreased as developmental stage progressed, with the exception of adult females that harboured a mean relative abundance of 97.9%. Laboratory\u2010reared larvae displayed the lowest bacterial diversity, containing almost exclusively <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>. Many of the remaining bacteria included genera associated with soil, water and plants, suggesting environmental acquisition while off\u2010host. Female organs exhibited significantly different \u03b2\u2010diversity than the whole tick from which they were derived. Our results demonstrate clear differences in both \u03b1\u2010 and \u03b2\u2010diversity among tick developmental stages and between tick organs and the tick as a whole. Furthermore, field\u2010acquired bacteria appear to be very important to the overall internal bacterial community of this tick species, with influence from the host bloodmeal appearing limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]],"date-time":"2016-09-02T16:53:50Z","timestamp":1472835230000},"page":"4963-4977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Microbiome changes through ontogeny of a tick pathogen vector"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Christine P.","family":"Zolnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Fordham University 441 East Fordham Road Bronx NY 10458 USA"},{"name":"Vector Ecology Laboratory Louis Calder Center\u2013Biological Field Station Fordham University 53 Whippoorwill Road Armonk NY 10504 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Prill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Almaden Research Center 650 Harry Road San Jose CA 95120 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard C.","family":"Falco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health Louis Calder Center\u2013Biological Field Station Fordham University 53 Whippoorwill Road Armonk NY 10504 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Ecology Laboratory Louis Calder Center\u2013Biological Field Station Fordham University 53 Whippoorwill Road Armonk NY 10504 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3309-8465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergios\u2010Orestis","family":"Kolokotronis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Fordham University 441 East Fordham Road Bronx NY 10458 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-013-0222-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1147"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0402.980205"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0208"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.1.616-620.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr320"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12223"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp636"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025604"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"CDC(2015)Reported cases of Lyme disease by state or locality 2004\u20132013.http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/lyme\/stats."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"ClayK FuquaC(2010)The tick microbiome: diversity distribution and influence of the internal microbial community for a blood\u2010feeding disease vector. 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