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This study was performed on a wide variety of plant\u2010parasitic nematode families and species from different host plants and nematode populations. A total of 124 nematode populations (previously identified morphologically and molecularly) were screened for the presence of potential bacterial endosymbionts using the partial 16S rRNA gene and fluorescence in\u00a0situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal microscopy. Potential bacterial endosymbionts were only detected in nematode species belonging to the genus <jats:italic>Xiphinema<\/jats:italic> and specifically in the <jats:italic>X.\u00a0americanum<\/jats:italic> group. Fifty\u2010seven partial 16S rRNA sequences were obtained from bacterial endosymbionts in this study. One group of sequences was closely related to the genus \u2018<jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic> Xiphinematobacter\u2019 (19 bacterial endosymbiont sequences were associated with seven nematode host species, including two that have already been described and three unknown bacterial endosymbionts). The second bacterial endosymbiont group (38 bacterial endosymbiont sequences associated with six nematode species) was related to the family <jats:italic>Burkholderiaceae<\/jats:italic>, which includes fungal and soil\u2013plant bacterial endosymbionts. These endosymbionts were reported for the first time in the phylum Nematoda. Our findings suggest that there is a highly specific symbiotic relationship between nematode host and bacterial endosymbionts. Overall, these results were corroborated by a phylogeny of nematode host and bacterial endosymbionts that suggested that there was a high degree of phylogenetic congruence and long\u2010term evolutionary persistence between hosts and endosymbionts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]],"date-time":"2016-11-04T10:03:10Z","timestamp":1478253790000},"page":"6225-6247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Molecular diversity of bacterial endosymbionts associated with dagger nematodes of the genus <i>Xiphinema<\/i> (Nematoda: Longidoridae) reveals a high degree of phylogenetic congruence with their host"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Juan E.","family":"Palomares\u2010Rius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC) Avenida Men\u00e9ndez Pidal s\/n 14004 C\u00f3rdoba Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Archidona\u2010Yuste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC) Avenida Men\u00e9ndez Pidal s\/n 14004 C\u00f3rdoba Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Cantalapiedra\u2010Navarrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC) Avenida Men\u00e9ndez Pidal s\/n 14004 C\u00f3rdoba Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC) Avenida Men\u00e9ndez Pidal s\/n 14004 C\u00f3rdoba Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC) Avenida Men\u00e9ndez Pidal s\/n 14004 C\u00f3rdoba Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156854103769224430"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zoj.12316"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0591"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067425"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"deBaryHA(1879)The Phenomenon of Symbiosis. 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