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Studies have demonstrated the presence of homosubtypic immunity, where individuals are unlikely to be reinfected with the same subtype within an autumn season. Further, evidence for heterosubtypic immunity exists, whereby immune responses specific for one subtype offer partial or complete protection against related <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content> subtypes. We utilized a natural experimental system to determine whether homo\u2010 or heterospecific immunity could be induced following experimental vaccination. Thirty Mallards were vaccinated with an inactivated H3, H6 or a sham vaccine and after seroconversion were exposed to naturally infected wild conspecifics. All ducks were infected within 2\u00a0days and had both primary and secondary infections. Overall, there was no observable difference between groups; all individuals were infected with H3 and H10 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IAV<\/jats:styled-content>. At the cessation of the experiment, most individuals had anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content> antibodies and neutralizing antibodies against H10. Not all individuals had H3 neutralizing antibodies. The isolated H3 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IAV<\/jats:styled-content>s revealed genetic dissimilarity to the H3 vaccine strain, specifically substitutions in the vicinity of the receptor\u2010binding site. There was no evidence of vaccine\u2010induced homosubtypic immunity to H3, a likely result of both a poor H3 immune response in the ducks and H3 immune escape. Likewise, there was no observed heterosubtypic protection related to H6 vaccination. This study highlights the need for experimental approaches to assess how exposure to pathogens and resulting immune processes translates to individual and population disease dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]],"date-time":"2016-12-20T14:36:46Z","timestamp":1482244606000},"page":"1420-1431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["No evidence for homosubtypic immunity of influenza H3 in Mallards following vaccination in a natural experimental system"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Wille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems Linnaeus University SE\u2010391 82 Kalmar Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Latorre\u2010Margalef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems Linnaeus University SE\u2010391 82 Kalmar Sweden"},{"name":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study Department of Population Health College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Population Health The University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Tolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems Linnaeus University SE\u2010391 82 Kalmar Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. 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