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Both inputs directly affect the streambed resistome, either by exerting a selective pressure that favour the proliferation of resistant phenotypes or by enriching the resident communities with wastewater\u2010associated ARB. Here, we investigated the impact of raw and treated urban wastewater discharges on epilithic (growing on rocks) and epipsammic (growing on sandy substrata) streambed biofilms. The effects were assessed by comparing control and impact sites (i) on the composition of bacterial communities; (ii) on the abundance of twelve antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) encoding resistance to \u03b2\u2010lactams, fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides and vancomycin, as well as the class 1 integron\u2010integrase gene (<jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>); (iii) on the occurrence of wastewater\u2010associated bacteria, including putative pathogens, and their potential linkage to target ARGs. We measured more pronounced effects of raw sewage than treated wastewater at the three studied levels. This effect was especially noticeable in epilithic biofilms, which showed a higher contribution of wastewater\u2010associated bacteria and ARB than in epipsammic biofilms. Comparison of correlation coefficients obtained between the relative abundance of both target ARGs and operational taxonomic units classified as either potential pathogens or nonpathogens yielded significant higher correlations between the former category and genes <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> sul1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> sul2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ermB<\/jats:italic>. Altogether, these results indicate that wastewater\u2010associated micro\u2010organisms, including potential pathogens, contribute to maintain the streambed resistome and that epilithic biofilms appear as sensitive biosensors of the effect of wastewater pollution in surface waters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]],"date-time":"2017-08-09T15:22:47Z","timestamp":1502292167000},"page":"5567-5581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Wastewater pollution differently affects the antibiotic resistance gene pool and biofilm bacterial communities across streambed compartments"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"J\u00e8ssica","family":"Subirats","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA) Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona Girona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Triad\u00f3\u2010Margarit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Freshwater Ecology Group Centre d'Estudis Avan\u00e7ats de Blanes CEAB\u2010CSIC Blanes Girona Spain"},{"name":"Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology Institute of Aquatic Ecology University of Girona Girona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ladislav","family":"Mandaric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA) Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona Girona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicen\u00e7","family":"Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA) Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona Girona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Balc\u00e1zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA) Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona Girona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergi","family":"Sabater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA) Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona Girona Spain"},{"name":"GRECO Institute of Aquatic Ecology University of Girona Girona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2708-3753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carles M.","family":"Borrego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA) Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona Girona Spain"},{"name":"Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology Institute of Aquatic Ecology University of Girona Girona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.01.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206316"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01216"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000080107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.039693-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.02.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409920102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2010.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"1269","article-title":"Using the class 1 integron\u2010integrase gene as a proxy for anthropogenic pollution","volume":"9","author":"Gillings M. 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