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They select for hosts that evolve counter\u2010adaptive strategies to cope with infection. Helminth parasites are special because they can modulate their hosts\u2019 immune responses. This phenomenon is important in epidemiological contexts, where coinfections may be affected. How different types of hosts and helminths interact with each other is insufficiently investigated. We used the three\u2010spined stickleback (<jats:italic>Gasterosteus\u00a0aculeatus<\/jats:italic>) \u2013 <jats:italic>Schistocephalus solidus<\/jats:italic> model to study mechanisms and temporal components of helminth immune modulation. Sticklebacks from two contrasting populations with either high resistance (HR) or low resistance (LR) against <jats:italic>S.\u00a0solidus,<\/jats:italic> were individually exposed to <jats:italic>S.\u00a0solidus<\/jats:italic> strains with characteristically high growth (HG) or low growth (LG) in <jats:italic>G.\u00a0aculeatus<\/jats:italic>. We determined the susceptibility to another parasite, the eye fluke <jats:italic>Diplostomum pseudospathaceum<\/jats:italic>, and the expression of 23 key immune genes at three time points after <jats:italic>S.\u00a0solidus<\/jats:italic> infection. <jats:italic>D.\u00a0pseudospathaceum<\/jats:italic> infection rates and the gene expression responses depended on host and <jats:italic>S.\u00a0solidus<\/jats:italic> type and changed over time. Whereas the effect of <jats:italic>S.\u00a0solidus<\/jats:italic> type was not significant after three weeks, T regulatory responses and complement components were upregulated at later time points if hosts were infected with HG <jats:italic>S.\u00a0solidus<\/jats:italic>. HR hosts showed a well orchestrated immune response, which was absent in LR hosts. Our results emphasize the role of regulatory T cells and the timing of specific immune responses during helminth infections. This study elucidates the importance to consider different coevolutionary trajectories and ecologies when studying host\u2010parasite interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T01:24:28Z","timestamp":1555464268000},"page":"2668-2680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The right response at the right time: Exploring helminth immune modulation in sticklebacks by experimental coinfection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9582-121X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnes","family":"Piecyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Pl\u00f6n Germany"},{"name":"Marine Evolutionary Ecology GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2463-5951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Pl\u00f6n Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kalbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Pl\u00f6n Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"267","article-title":"Information theory and an extensi\u00f3n of the maximum likelihood principle","author":"Akaike H.","year":"1973","journal-title":"International Symposium on Information Theory"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baw093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2199"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000072103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Ecology of fresh water fish production","author":"Backiel T.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12527"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03300.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1619147114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1945"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"Diplostomiasis: The disease and host\u2010parasite interactions. 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