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For example, synanthropic flies associate with human settlements, and higher fly densities increase pathogen transmission. We investigated whether such associations also exist in highly mobile nonhuman primate (NHP) Groups. We studied flies in a group of wild sooty mangabeys (<jats:italic>Cercocebus atys atys<\/jats:italic>) and three communities of wild chimpanzees (<jats:italic>Pan troglodytes verus<\/jats:italic>) in Ta\u00ef National Park, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire. We observed markedly higher fly densities within both mangabey and chimpanzee groups. Using a mark\u2013recapture experiment, we showed that flies stayed with the sooty mangabey group for up to 12\u00a0days and for up to 1.3\u00a0km. We also tested mangabey\u2010associated flies for pathogens infecting mangabeys in this ecosystem,<jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>biovar<jats:italic>anthracis<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>Bc<\/jats:italic>bv<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>), causing sylvatic anthrax, and<jats:italic>Treponema pallidum pertenue<\/jats:italic>, causing yaws. Flies contained treponemal (6\/103) and<jats:italic>Bc<\/jats:italic>bv<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>(7\/103) DNA. We cultured<jats:italic>Bc<\/jats:italic>bv<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>from all PCR\u2010positive flies, confirming bacterial viability and suggesting that this bacterium might be transmitted and disseminated by flies. Whole genome sequences of<jats:italic>Bc<\/jats:italic>bv<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>isolates revealed a diversity of<jats:italic>Bc<\/jats:italic>bv<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>, probably derived from several sources. We conclude that flies actively track mangabeys and carry infectious bacterial pathogens; these associations represent an understudied cost of sociality and potentially expose many social animals to a diversity of pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,9]],"date-time":"2019-06-09T06:19:13Z","timestamp":1560061153000},"page":"4242-4258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Tropical rainforest flies carrying pathogens form stable associations with social nonhuman primates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1889-4113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan F.","family":"Gogarten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Primatology Department Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary 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