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The skin and fur of mammals can host a wide variety of ectoparasites, many of which are phylogenetically diverse, specialized, and specifically adapted to their hosts. Among hematophagous dipteran parasites, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are known to serve as important attractants, leading parasites to compatible sources of blood meals. VOCs have been hypothesized to be mediated by host\u2010associated bacteria, which may thereby indirectly influence parasitism. Host\u2010associated bacteria may also influence parasitism directly, as has been observed in interactions between animal gut microbiota and malarial parasites. Hypotheses relating bacterial symbionts and eukaryotic parasitism have rarely been tested among humans and domestic animals, and to our knowledge have not been tested in wild vertebrates. In this study, we used Afrotropical bats, hematophagous ectoparasitic bat flies, and haemosporidian (malarial) parasites vectored by bat flies as a model to test the hypothesis that the vertebrate host microbiome is linked to parasitism in a wild system. We identified significant correlations between bacterial community composition of the skin and dipteran ectoparasite prevalence across four major bat lineages, as well as striking differences in skin microbial network characteristics between ectoparasitized and nonectoparasitized bats. We also identified links between the oral microbiome and presence of malarial parasites among miniopterid bats. Our results support the hypothesis that microbial symbionts may serve as indirect mediators of parasitism among eukaryotic hosts and parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T19:27:21Z","timestamp":1624908441000},"page":"1939-1950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Associations between Afrotropical bats, eukaryotic parasites, and microbial symbionts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6454-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly L.","family":"Lutz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"},{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"},{"name":"Negaunee Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7920-7001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack A.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"},{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7491-6084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl W.","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Negaunee Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History  Chicago IL USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology Western Kentucky University  Bowling Green KY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2015-02-044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01753"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050750"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011002113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587\u2010019\u20100209\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12242"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(02)00368\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"CAVNet: Creation analysis and visualization of networks","author":"Cardona C.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Igraph software package for complex network research","volume":"1695","author":"Csardi G.","year":"2006","journal-title":"InterJournal, Complex Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201008978\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405617111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39333-4_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-36025-4_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"Micromammals and macroparasites: From evolutionary ecology to management","author":"Dick C. 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