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This pattern suggests that for closely related species to coexist in secondary sympatry, they must accumulate differences in traits that mediate ecological and\/or reproductive isolation. Here, we characterized inter\u2010 and intraspecific divergence in three giant tree frog species whose distributions stretch across West and Central Africa. Using genome\u2010wide single\u2010nucleotide polymorphism data, we demonstrated that species\u2010level divergence coincides temporally and geographically with a period of large\u2010scale forest fragmentation during the late Pliocene. Our environmental niche models further supported a dynamic history of climatic suitability and stability, and indicated that all three species occupy distinct environmental niches. We found modest morphological differentiation amongst the species with significant divergence in tympanum diameter and male advertisement call. In addition, we confirmed that two species occur in secondary sympatry in Central Africa but found no evidence of hybridization. These patterns support the hypothesis that cycles of genetic exchange and isolation across West and Central Africa have contributed to globally significant biodiversity. Furthermore, divergence in both ecology and reproductive traits appear to have played important roles in maintaining distinct lineages. At the intraspecific level, we found that climatic refugia, precipitation gradients, marine incursions, and potentially riverine barriers generated phylogeographic structure throughout the Pleistocene and into the Holocene. Further studies examining phenotypic divergence and secondary contact amongst these geographically structured populations may demonstrate how smaller scale and more recent biogeographic barriers contribute to regional diversification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T12:36:40Z","timestamp":1631536600000},"page":"3979-3998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Giant Tree Frog diversification in West and Central Africa: Isolation by physical barriers, climate, and reproductive traits"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4188-0468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle E.","family":"Jaynes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Adrian College  Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution  Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology W.K. 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