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The repeated evolution and lability of sex\u2010determination mechanisms in fishes makes this a well\u2010suited system to test for general patterns in evolution. According to current theory, differentiation is triggered by the suppression of recombination following the evolution of a new master sex\u2010determining gene. However, the molecular mechanisms that establish recombination suppression are known from few examples, owing to the intrinsic difficulties of assembling sex\u2010determining regions (SDRs). The development of forward\u2010genetics and long\u2010read sequencing have generated a wealth of data questioning central aspects of the current theory. Here, we demonstrate that sex in Midas cichlids is determined by an XY system, and identify and assemble the SDR by combining forward\u2010genetics, long\u2010read sequencing and optical mapping. We show how long\u2010reads aid in the detection of artefacts in genotype\u2013phenotype mapping that arise from incomplete genome assemblies. The male\u2010specific region is restricted to a 100\u2010kb segment on chromosome 4 that harbours transposable elements and a Y\u2010specific duplicate of the anti\u2010Mullerian receptor 2\u00a0gene, which has evolved master sex\u2010determining functions repeatedly. Our data suggest that <jats:italic>amhr2Y<\/jats:italic> originated by an interchromosomal translocation from chromosome 20 to 4 pre\u2010dating the split of Midas and Flier cichlids. In the latter, it is pseudogenized and translocated to another chromosome. Duplication of anti\u2010Mullerian genes is a common route to establishing new sex determiners, highlighting the role of molecular parallelism in the evolution of sex determination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T09:04:43Z","timestamp":1649667883000},"page":"1398-1410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Molecular parallelism in the evolution of a master sex\u2010determining role for the anti\u2010Mullerian hormone receptor 2 gene (<i>amhr2<\/i>) in Midas cichlids"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7016-7242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila L.","family":"Nacif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics Institute of Biology Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Cidade Universit\u00e1ria  Rio de Janeiro 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