{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:47:45Z","timestamp":1790167665300,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["643476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["643476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a globally distributed zoonotic pathogen and a major cause of diarrhoeal disease in humans and ruminants. The parasite's life cycle comprises an obligatory sexual phase, during which genetic exchanges can occur between previously isolated lineages. Here, we compare 32 whole genome sequences from human\u2010 and ruminant\u2010derived parasite isolates collected across Europe, Egypt and China. We identify three strongly supported clusters that comprise a mix of isolates from different host species, geographic origins, and subtypes. We show that: (1) recombination occurs between ruminant isolates into human isolates; (2) these recombinant regions can be passed on to other human subtypes through gene flow and population admixture; (3) there have been multiple genetic exchanges, and most are probably recent; (4) putative virulence genes are significantly enriched within these genetic exchanges, and (5) this results in an increase in their nucleotide diversity. We carefully dissect the phylogenetic sequence of two genetic exchanges, illustrating the long\u2010term evolutionary consequences of these events. Our results suggest that increased globalization and close human\u2010animal contacts increase the opportunity for genetic exchanges between previously isolated parasite lineages, resulting in spillover and spillback events. We discuss how this can provide a novel substrate for natural selection at genes involved in host\u2013parasite interactions, thereby potentially altering the dynamic coevolutionary equilibrium in the Red Queens arms race.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T09:49:30Z","timestamp":1654163370000},"page":"2633-2645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Recent genetic exchanges and admixture shape the genome and population structure of the zoonotic pathogen\n                    <i>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5932-0664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia I.","family":"Corsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBO University of Trento  Trento Italy"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Center for non\u2010coding RNA in Technology and Health University of Copenhagen  Frederiksberg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2940-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swapnil","family":"Tichkule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health and Immunity Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Rosa","family":"Sannella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0  Rome 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