{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T07:24:08Z","timestamp":1792049048208,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Conservation of thermally sensitive species depends on monitoring organismal and population\u2010level responses to environmental change in real time. Epigenetic processes are increasingly recognized as key integrators of environmental conditions into developmentally plastic responses, and attendant epigenomic data sets hold potential for revealing cryptic phenotypes relevant to conservation efforts. Here, we demonstrate the utility of genome\u2010wide DNA methylation (DNAm) patterns in the face of climate change for a group of especially vulnerable species, those with temperature\u2010dependent sex determination (TSD). Due to their reliance on thermal cues during development to determine sexual fate, contemporary shifts in temperature are predicted to skew offspring sex ratios and ultimately destabilize sensitive populations. Using reduced\u2010representation bisulphite sequencing, we profiled the DNA methylome in blood cells of hatchling American alligators (\n                    <jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), a TSD species lacking reliable markers of sexual dimorphism in early life stages. We identified 120 sex\u2010associated differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs; FDR\u2009&lt;\u20090.1) in hatchlings incubated under a range of temperatures, as well as 707 unique temperature\u2010associated DMCs. We further developed DNAm\u2010based models capable of predicting hatchling sex with 100% accuracy (in 20 training samples and four test samples) and past incubation temperature with a mean absolute error of 1.2\u00b0C (in four test samples) based on the methylation status of 20 and 24 loci, respectively. Though largely independent of epigenomic patterning occurring in the embryonic gonad during TSD, DNAm patterns in blood cells may serve as nonlethal markers of hatchling sex and past incubation conditions in conservation applications. These findings also raise intriguing questions regarding tissue\u2010specific epigenomic patterning in the context of developmental plasticity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T09:44:58Z","timestamp":1661247898000},"page":"5487-5505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Genome\u2010wide DNA methylation patterns harbour signatures of hatchling sex and past incubation temperature in a species with environmental sex determination"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2124-1490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha L.","family":"Bock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eugene P. Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Savannah River Ecology Laboratory  Aiken South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1372-5276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Smaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eugene P. Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Savannah River Ecology Laboratory  Aiken South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"McCoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology College of Charleston  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2391-2470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin B.","family":"Parrott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eugene P. Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Savannah River Ecology Laboratory  Aiken South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-10-r87"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"314","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in the genital morphology of young American alligators, Alligator mississippiensis","volume":"51","author":"Allsteadt J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28657"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15764"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.66128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2010.04580.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intrinsic and extrinsic factors interact during development to influence telomere length in a long\u2010lived reptile","author":"Bae J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8935-7-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4380"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203624"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.947102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.254904.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.0210"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5061\/dryad.cfxpnvx7p"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00907-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.10.430452"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00384-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12877"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17708-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.28.428603"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000602"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0742-8413(98)00012-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96255-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2017.00106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2006.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2021.100002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2016.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw354"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12010107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.6.7.16209"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3142"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174418000442"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002720107"},{"issue":"1903","key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","first-page":"390","article-title":"Reproductive biology and embryology of the crocodilians","volume":"14","author":"Ferguson M. W. J.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biology of the Reptilia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12569"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2021.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13522"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","first-page":"9097","article-title":"Autosomal sex\u2010associated co\u2010methylated regions predict biological sex from DNA methylation","volume":"49","author":"Gatev E.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10050356"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap8328"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1510437"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP36"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2016.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12149"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806560105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-10-r115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0004-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14771"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz133"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13480"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.16.7487"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.11.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3230"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12414"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1852"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v028.i05"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2236"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13765"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402700105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-559"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15174"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13619"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-00959-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13436"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0229-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar8028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15803"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat6806"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2021.1943863"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167362"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-15-0155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2016.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-3242-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.1667"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.0438"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.01964.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2187"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002447"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12333"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002837"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0498"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.111468"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13910"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(02)02709-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz369"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1603"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(00)02024-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.213595.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar5471"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.091470.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14192"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/09-1149.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2457"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10716"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r54"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61984-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.6.520"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.04.442647"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evl3.154"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35903"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-016-3727-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06519"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.210"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2017.07.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061436"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12433"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x"}],"container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mec.16670","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/mec.16670","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mec.16670","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T07:03:51Z","timestamp":1692601431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mec.16670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mec.16670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.16670","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.05.03.490459","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0962-1083","1365-294X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-1083","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-294X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}