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Mistletoes often aggregate at multiple spatial scales. Their bird pollinators often visit several flowers of the same individual and of others on the same host tree. We hypothesized that hermaphroditic mistletoes have self\u2010incompatibility mechanisms that reduce or prevent selfing. Whether their spatial distribution, affected by host specificity, host distribution, and the behaviour of seed dispersers, influences their mating system and population genetic structure remains unclear. We studied how mating system and spatial distribution affect genetic structure in four populations of the host\u2010generalist mistletoe <jats:italic>Dendrophthoe pentandra<\/jats:italic> in southwestern China using microsatellite markers and progeny arrays. We also characterized the fine\u2010scale spatial genetic structure among 166 mistletoes from four host trees in one population. Prevalence and intensity of infection both appeared to vary among host species, strongly affecting the degree of aggregation. Host tree size had a strong effect on infection intensity. Surprisingly, manual pollination experiments indicated that <jats:italic>D. pentandra<\/jats:italic> is self\u2010compatible, but genetic analyses revealed that outcrossing rates were higher than expected in all four populations (MLTR <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub> 0.83\u20131.20, Bayesian <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub> 0.772\u20130.952). Spatial genetic structure was associated with distance between host trees but not at shorter scales (within hosts). Our results demonstrate that the combination of bird pollination, bird\u2010mediated seed dispersal, and post\u2010dispersal processes result in outcrossing and maintain relatively high diversity in the presence of biparental inbreeding, despite very high local densities and possible self\u2010compatibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T17:28:22Z","timestamp":1665077302000},"page":"6489-6504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["High outcrossing rates in a self\u2010compatible and highly aggregated host\u2010generalist mistletoe"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0989-7278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manru","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden 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