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Host and vector shifts can lead to geographic expansion of infectious agents and the emergence of new diseases in susceptible individuals. Three bacterial genospecies (<jats:italic>Borrelia afzelii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Borrelia bavariensis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Borrelia garinii<\/jats:italic>) predominantly utilize two distinct tick species as vectors in Asia (<jats:italic>Ixodes persulcatus<\/jats:italic>) and Europe (<jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>). Through these vectors, the bacteria can infect various vertebrate groups (e.g., rodents, birds) including humans where they cause Lyme borreliosis, the most common vector\u2010borne disease in the Northern hemisphere. Yet, how and in which order the three <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> genospecies colonized each continent remains unclear including the evolutionary consequences of this geographic expansion. Here, by reconstructing the evolutionary history of 142 Eurasian isolates, we found evidence that the ancestors of each of the three genospecies probably have an Asian origin. Even so, each genospecies studied displayed a unique substructuring and evolutionary response to the colonization of Europe. The pattern of allele sharing between continents is consistent with the dispersal rate of the respective vertebrate hosts, supporting the concept that adaptation of <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> genospecies to the host is important for pathogen dispersal. Our results highlight that Eurasian Lyme borreliosis agents are all capable of geographic expansion with host association influencing their dispersal; further displaying the importance of host and vector association to the geographic expansion of vector\u2010borne pathogens and potentially conditioning their capacity as emergent pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T07:05:10Z","timestamp":1670051110000},"page":"786-799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Out of Asia? Expansion of Eurasian Lyme borreliosis causing genospecies display unique evolutionary trajectories"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5779-7001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert E.","family":"Rollins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Avian Research \u201cVogelwarte Helgoland\u201d  Wilhelmshaven Germany"},{"name":"Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians Universit\u00e4t  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kozue","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I National Institute for Infectious Disease  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minoru","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Asahikawa Medical University  Asahikawa 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