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However, in its natural host, wild field voles (<jats:italic>Microtus agrestis<\/jats:italic>), it exhibits chronic infections that have no detectable impact on survival or female fecundity. How is damage minimized, and what is the impact on the host's immune state and health? We examine the differences in immune state (here represented by expression of immune\u2010related genes in multiple tissues) associated with several common chronic infections in a population of wild field voles. While some infections show little impact on immune state, we find strong associations between immune state and <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>. These include indications of clearance of infected erythrocytes (increased macrophage activity in the spleen) and activity likely associated with minimizing damage from the infection (anti\u2010inflammatory and antioxidant activity in the blood). By analysing gene expression from the same individuals at multiple time points, we show that the observed changes are a response to infection, rather than a risk factor. Our results point towards continual investment to minimize the damage caused by the infection. Thus, we shed light on how wild animals can tolerate some chronic infections, but emphasize that this tolerance does not come without a cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T14:09:35Z","timestamp":1670508575000},"page":"1197-1210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Living with chronic infection: Persistent immunomodulation during avirulent haemoparasitic infection in a wild rodent"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-7104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher H.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ida M.","family":"Friberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Life Sciences University of Salford  Salford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0330-5478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Life Sciences University of Salford  Salford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Arriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"},{"name":"Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Complutense University of Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Begon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1485-0340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klara M.","family":"Wanelik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janette E.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14811"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2003538"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01176"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1261121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012000510"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"410","article-title":"Growth of the eye lens: I. 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