{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T02:45:10Z","timestamp":1791686710118,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31572216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31572216"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018554","name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21JR7RA479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21JR7RA479"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Environmental pollution can result in poor sperm quality either directly or indirectly in birds. However, adaptive and compensatory sperm morphology changes and motility improvements have rapidly evolved in tree sparrows (<jats:italic>Passer montanus<\/jats:italic>) inhabiting polluted areas over the past 65\u2009years. To identify the genetic underpinnings of the rapidly evolving sperm phenotype, we carried out population genomics and transcriptomics on tree sparrow populations in the two differently polluted places. We identified a gene encoding the serine\/threonine protein kinase PIM1, which may drive rapid phenotypic evolution of sperm. An unprecedented and remarkable expansion of the <jats:italic>PIM<\/jats:italic> gene family, caused by tandem and segmental duplication of <jats:italic>PIM1<\/jats:italic>, was subsequently observed in the tree sparrow genome. Most <jats:italic>PIM1<\/jats:italic> duplicates showed a testis\u2010specific expression pattern, suggesting that their functions are related to male reproduction. Furthermore, the elevated expression level of <jats:italic>PIM1<\/jats:italic> was consistent with our earlier findings of longer and faster swimming sperm in polluted sites, indicating an important role for duplicated <jats:italic>PIM1<\/jats:italic> in facilitating the rapid evolution of sperm. Our results suggest that duplicated <jats:italic>PIM1<\/jats:italic> provides sources of genetic variation that may enable the rapid evolution of sperm under environmental heavy metal pollution. The findings of this study indicated that duplicated genes can be targets of selection and predominant sources for rapid adaptation to environmental change and shed light on sperm evolution under pollution stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T07:57:47Z","timestamp":1672041467000},"page":"1673-1684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Duplicate genes as sources for rapid adaptive evolution of sperm under environmental pollution in tree sparrow"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Science Lanzhou University  Lanzhou 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