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Such residency is often accompanied by a loss of tolerance to seawater. The amphidromous <jats:italic>Galaxias maculatus<\/jats:italic> has repeatedly colonized freshwater streams with evidence that freshwater\u2010resident populations exhibit stark differences in their tolerance to higher salinities. Here, we used transcriptomics to gain insight into the mechanisms contributing to reduced tolerance to higher salinities in freshwater resident populations. We conducted an acute salinity challenge (0\u00a0ppt to 23\u201325\u2009ppt) and measured osmoregulatory ability (muscle water content) over 48\u2009h in three populations: diadromous, saltwater intolerant resident (Tolt\u00e9n), and saltwater tolerant resident (Valdivia). RNA sequencing of the gills identified genes that were differentially expressed in association with the salinity change and associated with the loss of saltwater tolerance in the Tolt\u00e9n population. Key genes associated with saltwater acclimation were characterized in diadromous <jats:italic>G. maculatus<\/jats:italic> individuals, some of which were also expressed in the saltwater tolerant resident population (Valdivia). We found that some of these \u201csaltwater acclimation\u201d genes, including the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR), were not significantly upregulated in the saltwater intolerant resident population (Tolt\u00e9n), suggesting a potential mechanism for the loss of tolerance to higher salinities. As the suite of differentially expressed genes in the diadromous\u2010resident comparison differed between freshwater populations, we hypothesize that diadromy loss results in unique evolutionary trajectories due to drift, so the loss of diadromy does not necessarily lead to a loss in upper salinity tolerance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T11:59:01Z","timestamp":1675079941000},"page":"2219-2233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Does the loss of diadromy imply the loss of salinity tolerance? A gene expression study with replicate nondiadromous populations of <i>Galaxias maculatus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5710-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Lisette","family":"Delgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Dalhousie University  Nova Scotia Halifax Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7597-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliro","family":"Manosalva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas Acu\u00e1ticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n  Concepci\u00f3n Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8040-6147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio A.","family":"Urbina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Zoolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanogr\u00e1ficas Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n  Concepci\u00f3n Chile"},{"name":"Instituto Milenio de Oceanograf\u00eda (IMO) Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n  Concepci\u00f3n Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3032-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne\u00a0C.","family":"Dalziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Saint Mary's University  Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5113-5496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelyn","family":"Habit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas Acu\u00e1ticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n  Concepci\u00f3n Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2188-6504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Link","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Civil, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n  Concepci\u00f3n Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8536-8335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Ruzzante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Dalhousie University  Nova Scotia Halifax Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Andrews S.(2010).FastQC: A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence 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Miescher F. &Society P.(2019).Predominance of cis \u2010Regulatory changes in parallel expression divergence of sticklebacks. 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43785.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15435"}],"container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mec.16866","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/mec.16866","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mec.16866","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T13:24:26Z","timestamp":1692710666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mec.16866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mec.16866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.16866","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-1083","1365-294X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-1083","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-294X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}