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Giant panda cubs harbour significantly different gut microbiota during their growth and development when feeding on milk before switching to bamboo. The fetal gut is sterile, and following birth, mother\u2010to\u2010infant microbial transmission has been implicated as a seeding source for the infant gut microbiota. Details of this transmission in giant pandas remain unclear. In this study, faecal samples were collected from seven panda mother\u2013cub pairs when the cubs were 4\u201316\u2009months old. Additional samples from the cubs' diet, soil and drinking water, and multiple body sites of the mothers were collected. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun metagenomic sequencing were performed to determine the source and potential transmission routes of the cub gut microbiome. Source tracking analysis showed that maternal vagina, milk and faeces were the primary contributory sources of microbes, shaping the cub gut microbiome. Bacterial species from maternal faeces persisted the longest in the cub gut. Bacterial species in the diet contributed to the microbial community. Metagenomics analysis indicated that the predicted metabolic pathways of the gut microbiome also varied at different growth stages. Gut colonization with bacteria from various body sites of the mothers provides a foundational microbial community that is beneficial in fulfilling the evolving dietary needs of the cubs. This study suggests that mother\u2010to\u2010cub transmission is indispensable in shaping the gut microbiome of the developing panda cub.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T13:22:41Z","timestamp":1675257761000},"page":"2271-2286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Microbial species from multiple maternal body sites shape the developing giant panda (<i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca<\/i>) cub gut microbiome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1410-2361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal\u2010origin Food Chengdu Medical College  Chengdu China"},{"name":"School of Laboratory Medicine Chengdu 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