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Environmental microorganisms, particularly rich on ephemeral resources, employ these noxious chemicals in a chemical warfare against predators and competitors, driving co\u2010evolutionary adaptations. In order to analyse how environmental microbes may be driving such evolutionary adaptations, we experimentally evolved <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic> populations by exposing larvae to the toxin\u2010producing mould <jats:italic>Aspergillus nidulans<\/jats:italic> that infests the flies' breeding substrate. To disentangle the effects of the mycotoxin Sterigmatocystin from other substrate modifications inflicted by the mould, we used the following four selection regimes: (i) control without fungus, (ii) <jats:italic>A. nidulans<\/jats:italic> wild type, (iii) a mutant of <jats:italic>A. nidulans<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>laeA<\/jats:italic> with impaired toxin production, (iv) synthetic Sterigmatocystin. Experimental evolution was carried out in five independent <jats:italic>D. melanogaster<\/jats:italic> populations each, for a total of 11 generations. We further combined our evolution experiment with transcriptome analysis to identify evolutionary shifts in gene expression due to the selection regimes and mould confrontation. Populations that evolved in presence of the toxin\u2010producing mould or the pure mycotoxin rapidly adapted to the respective conditions and showed higher viability in subsequent confrontations. Yet, mycotoxin\u2010selected populations had no advantage in <jats:italic>A. nidulans<\/jats:italic> wild type confrontation. Moreover, distinctive changes in gene expression related to the selection\u2010regime contrast were only associated with the toxin\u2010producing\u2010fungus regime and comprised a narrow set of genes. Thus, it needs the specific conditions of the selection agent to enable adaptation to the fungus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T08:51:04Z","timestamp":1681721464000},"page":"2784-2797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rapid but narrow \u2013 Evolutionary adaptation and transcriptional response of <i>Drosophila melanogaster<\/i> to toxic mould"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1874-1160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Trienens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7258-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Kurtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bregje","family":"Wertheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen  Groningen The 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