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These differences have been hypothesized to have an origin in events experienced early in life that then affect trajectories of immune development and responsiveness. Here, we investigate how early\u2010life immune expression profiles influence life history outcomes in a natural population of field voles,\n                    <jats:italic>Microtus agrestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in which we are able to monitor variation between and within individuals through time by repeat sampling of individually marked animals. We analysed the co\u2010expression of 20 immune genes in early life to create a correlation network consisting of three main clusters, one of which (containing\n                    <jats:italic>Gata3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Il10<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Il17<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was associated with later\u2010life reproductive success and susceptibility to chronic bacterial (\n                    <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) infection. More detailed analyses supported associations between early\u2010life expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Il17<\/jats:italic>\n                    and reproductive success later in life, and of\n                    <jats:italic>Il10<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression early in life and later infection with\n                    <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We also found significant association between an\n                    <jats:italic>Il17<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotype and the early\u2010life expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Il10<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our results demonstrate that immune expression profiles can be manifested during early life with effects that persist through adulthood and that shape the variability among individuals in susceptibility to infection and fitness widely seen in natural populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T06:06:35Z","timestamp":1680501995000},"page":"3471-3482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Early\u2010life immune expression profiles predict later\u2010life health and fitness in a wild rodent"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1485-0340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klara M.","family":"Wanelik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1715-5327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike","family":"Begon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3973-7977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janette E.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ida M.","family":"Friberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Engineering and Environment University of Salford  Salford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-7104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher H.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0330-5478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Engineering and Environment University of Salford  Salford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1307-2981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00123"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859\u2010020\u201003702\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102796.2007.01809.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Barto\u0144 K.(2019).MuMIn: multi\u2010model inference. 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