{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:16:40Z","timestamp":1787015800804,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP190102020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP190102020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Untangling how factors such as environment, host, associations among bacterial species and dispersal predict microbial composition is a fundamental challenge. In this study, we use complementary machine\u2010learning approaches to quantify the relative role of these factors in shaping microbiome variation of the blacklegged tick\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>I.\u2009scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the most important vector for\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (the causative agent for Lyme disease) in the U.S. as well as a range of other important zoonotic pathogens. Yet the relative role of the interactions between pathogens and symbionts compared to other ecological forces is unknown. We found that positive associations between microbes where the occurrence of one microbe increases the probability of observing another, including between both pathogens and symbionts, was by far the most important factor shaping the tick microbiome. Microclimate and host factors played an important role for a subset of the tick microbiome including\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Borreliella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>Ralstonia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but for the majority of microbes, environmental and host variables were poor predictors at a regional scale. This study provides new hypotheses on how pathogens and symbionts might interact within tick species, as well as valuable predictions for how some taxa may respond to changing climate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]],"date-time":"2023-05-13T00:06:39Z","timestamp":1683936399000},"page":"4078-4092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Positive associations matter: Microbial relationships drive tick microbiome composition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9248-8493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas M.","family":"Fountain\u2010Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedict S.","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Rau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse D.","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin N.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0859"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.1.616\u2010620.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010019\u20103517\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00236"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12813"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232398"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022\u20102585(2008)45[139:ercobb]2.0.co;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.4.554"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1936961"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2797"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5361"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Igraph software package for complex network research","volume":"1695","author":"Cs\u00e1rdi G.","year":"2006","journal-title":"InterJournal Complex Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.03148"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM\u2010D\u201018\u20100007.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168\u2010021\u201001141\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"342","volume-title":"Ecology and evolution of communities","author":"Diamond J. M.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12759"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010017\u20102590\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv199"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/11\u20100252.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002606"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22541\/au.160855820.09604024\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102656.13154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13250"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02633\u201008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006499"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10424"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3601"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenwell B. M. Boehmke B. C. &Mccarthy A. J.(2018).A simple and effective model\u2010based variable importance measure. ArXiv PreprintArXiv:1805.04755.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.vip"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/me10111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004182"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00707\u201021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/15.suppl2.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.10.4148\u20104153.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000066336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168\u2010021\u201001051\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00169\u201017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201082449\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0233733100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067129"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700122114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","unstructured":"Molnar C.(2018).Interpretable machine learning. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/christophm.github.io\/interpretable\u2010ml\u2010book\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13335"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE\u20103437.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004539"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHOM.2013.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42868"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12757"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12567"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008822"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010018\u20104287\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396\u2010018\u20100161\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00384"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022\u20102585(2008)45[289:iacroa]2.0.co;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15747"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.719"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2021.100912"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01562\u201015"}],"container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mec.16985","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mec.16985","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]],"date-time":"2024-10-20T05:21:50Z","timestamp":1729401710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mec.16985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mec.16985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.16985","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.11.06.515366","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0962-1083","1365-294X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-1083","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-294X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}