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However, to understand how species avoid the extinction vortex, insights can be drawn by studying species that thrive despite past declines. Here, we studied the population genomics of the muskox (<jats:italic>Ovibos moschatus<\/jats:italic>), an Ice Age relict that was at the brink of extinction for thousands of years at the end of the Pleistocene yet appears to be thriving today. We analysed 108 whole genomes, including present\u2010day individuals representing the current native range of both muskox subspecies, the white\u2010faced and the barren\u2010ground muskox (<jats:italic>O. moschatus wardi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>O. moschatus moschatus<\/jats:italic>) and a ~21,000\u2010year\u2010old ancient individual from Siberia. We found that the muskox' demographic history was profoundly shaped by past climate changes and post\u2010glacial re\u2010colonizations. In particular, the white\u2010faced muskox has the lowest genome\u2010wide heterozygosity recorded in an ungulate. Yet, there is no evidence of inbreeding depression in native muskox populations. We hypothesize that this can be explained by the effect of long\u2010term gradual population declines that allowed for purging of strongly deleterious mutations. This study provides insights into how species with a history of population bottlenecks, small population sizes and low genetic diversity survive against all odds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T11:26:21Z","timestamp":1700133981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Population genomics of the muskox' resilience in the near absence of genetic variation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9350-1987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Pe\u010dnerov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Copenhagen Zoo  Frederiksberg 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