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To increase our understanding of how dietary macronutrients affect physiology and gut microbiota and investigate whether feeding behaviour is influenced by an immune threat, we conducted two experiments. First, we determined whether zebra finches (\n                    <jats:italic>Taeniopygia guttata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) exhibit shifts in physiology and gut microbiota when fed diets differing in macronutrient ratios. We found the type and amount of diet consumed affected gut microbiota alpha diversity, where microbial richness and Shannon diversity increased with caloric intake in birds fed a high\u2010fat diet and decreased with caloric intake in birds fed a high protein diet. Diet macronutrient content did not affect physiological metrics, but lower caloric intake was associated with higher complement activity. In our second experiment, we simulated an infection in birds using the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and quantified feeding behaviour in immune challenged and control individuals, as well as birds housed near either a control pair (no immune threat), or birds housed near a pair given an immune challenge with LPS (social cue of heightened infection risk). We also examined whether social cues of infection alter physiological responses relevant to responding to an immune threat, an effect that could be mediated through shifts in feeding behaviour. LPS induced a reduction in caloric intake driven by a decrease in protein, but not fat consumption. No evidence was found for socially induced shifts in feeding behaviour, physiology or gut microbiota. Our findings carry implications for host health, as sickness\u2010induced anorexia and diet\u2010induced shifts in the microbiome could shape host\u2013pathogen interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T07:29:54Z","timestamp":1717572594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of dietary macronutrients and immune challenge on gut microbiota, physiology and feeding behaviour in zebra finches"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7144-7884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley C.","family":"Love","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology Oklahoma State University  Stillwater Oklahoma USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Arkansas  Fayetteville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Tabb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology Oklahoma State University  Stillwater Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha H.","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Oklahoma State University  Stillwater Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn M.","family":"Wilder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology Oklahoma State University  Stillwater Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"DuRant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Arkansas  Fayetteville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.013136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icp028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710335105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(94)00391-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-021-00076-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1942268"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05496-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.2007.00983.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.25.14304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2003.300.312"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0477-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.0516"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2017.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2010.01766.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.04.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07628.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","volume-title":"Ecoimmunology","author":"Demas G.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05454.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-16-0153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/11.6.654"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","volume-title":"An R companion to applied regression","author":"Fox J.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2010.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2022.114139"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.12.2684S"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","unstructured":"Hartig F.(2022).DHARMa: Residual diagnostics for hierarchical (multi\u2010level\/ mixed) regression models. 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