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Further, though multiple tissues contribute to male reproductive success, most studies have focused on the testes. To explore the influence of mating system variation on reproductive tract gene expression in natural populations, we captured adult males from monogamous <jats:italic>Peromyscus californicus<\/jats:italic> and polygynandrous <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>boylii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>maniculatus<\/jats:italic>. We generated RNAseq libraries, quantified gene expression in the testis, seminal vesicle, epididymis, and liver, and identified 3627 mating system\u2010associated differentially expressed genes (MS\u2010DEGs), where expression shifted in the same direction in <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>maniculatus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>boylii<\/jats:italic> relative to <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>californicus<\/jats:italic>. Gene expression variation was most strongly associated with mating behaviour in the seminal vesicles, where 89% of differentially expressed genes were MS\u2010DEGs, including the key seminal fluid proteins <jats:italic>Svs2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pate4<\/jats:italic>. We also used published rodent genomes to test for positive and relaxed selection on <jats:italic>Peromyscus<\/jats:italic>\u2010expressed genes. Though we did not observe more overlap than expected by chance between MS\u2010DEGs and positively selected genes, 203 MS\u2010DEGs showed evidence of positive selection. Fourteen reproductive genes were under tree\u2010wide positive selection but convergent relaxed selection in <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>californicus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Microtus ochrogaster<\/jats:italic>, a distantly related monogamous species. Changes in transcript abundance and gene sequence evolution in association with mating behaviour suggest that male mice may respond to sexual selection intensity by altering aspects of sperm motility, sperm\u2010egg binding and copulatory plug formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T08:50:38Z","timestamp":1718959838000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mating system variation and gene expression in the male reproductive tract of <i>Peromyscus<\/i> mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2662-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin R.","family":"Voss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Nachman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836905007284"},{"volume-title":"FastQC: A quality control tool for high throughput sequence data","year":"2010","author":"Andrews S.","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2017.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.06813"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/156.4.1879"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016\u20101310"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0965\u20101748(96)00064\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558\u20105646.1973.tb05922.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg774"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10532"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.86409"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2505"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw218"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030245"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/139.1.189"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864\u2010018\u20104872\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"Couger M. 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