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Phenotypic differences between urban and rural individuals have been widely documented in several taxa. However, the extent to which urbanisation impacts mating strategies is less known. Here, we investigated extra\u2010pair paternity variation in great tits (<jats:italic>Parus major<\/jats:italic>) and blue tits (<jats:italic>Cyanistes caeruleus<\/jats:italic>) breeding in nestboxes set in a gradient of urbanisation in Warsaw, Poland, over three breeding seasons. Urbanisation was quantified as the amount of light pollution, noise pollution, impervious surface area (ISA) and tree cover within a 100\u2010m radius around each nestbox. We obtained genotypes for 1213 great tits at 7344 SNP markers and for 1299 blue tits at 9366 SNP markers with a genotyping\u2010by\u2010sequencing method, and inferred extra\u2010pair paternity by computing a genomewide relatedness matrix. We report higher extra\u2010pair paternity in blue tits breeding in more urbanised areas, for example, with higher light pollution and ISA, and lower tree cover. However, no such trend was found in great tits. Late\u2010stage survival of individual nestlings in both species was not associated with paternity or urbanisation proxies, thus we were not able to detect fitness benefits or drawbacks of being an extra\u2010pair offspring in relation to urbanisation. Our results contribute to the growing body of knowledge reporting on the effects of urbanisation on avian ecology and behaviour, and confirm species\u2010specific and population\u2010specific patterns of extra\u2010pair paternity variation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T07:25:33Z","timestamp":1721805933000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Extra\u2010pair paternity in two passerine birds breeding in a gradient of urbanisation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1776-2605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Di\u00a0Lecce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3006-3806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Sudyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University  Krak\u00f3w Poland"},{"name":"Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES)  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5820-9374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Perrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBGP, INRAe, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro University of Montpellier  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Szulkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"855","article-title":"Extra\u2010pair paternity in birds: Review of the genetic benefits","volume":"9","author":"Ak\u00e7ay E.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evolutionary Ecology Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"Barton K.(2009).MuMIn: Multi\u2010model inference.http:\/\/r\u2010forge.r\u2010project.org\/projects\/mumin\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265\u2010017\u20102329\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ror.0.0030123"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095\u20108312.1992.tb00649.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198548614.003.0018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755\u20100998.12624"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ\u20102017\u2010066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15259"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14099"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474\u2010919X.2008.00899.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439\u20100310.2003.00880.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145966"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.04262"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.12897"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4089333"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13081"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12845"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/aru103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/1568539042265644"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","volume-title":"Reproduction in poultry","author":"Etches R. 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