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However, this species' adaptive mechanisms, introduction history, and population structure have never been completely elucidated. Here, by genotyping 87\u2009<jats:italic>S.\u2009plicata<\/jats:italic> individuals from 18 localities worldwide with 2b\u2010RADseq, we confirm the global presence of four chromosome inversions, demonstrate population structuring on this species, detect local adaptation signals, and infer historical demographic events. We show that North Carolina individuals constitute an unrelated population, Atlanto\u2010Mediterranean and Pacific localities form their own genetic clusters with substructuring, being the most evident the split between northern and southern Atlantic localities. The locality of South Carolina presents an intermediate genetic position between North Carolina and the other two groups pointing to a hybrid origin with recurrent gene flow. We generate and test demographic models, providing evidence of two independent introduction events to the Atlantic and Pacific, and an admixture that originated the population of South Carolina. Finally, we identify candidate loci for adaptation, with functions involved with cell processes, metabolism, development, and ion transport, among others. Overall, this study highlights the complex historical processes of <jats:italic>S.\u2009plicata<\/jats:italic>, which have led this species to its current distribution, population structure, and local adaptation footprint in oceans worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T02:09:06Z","timestamp":1724897346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The past, the recent, and the ongoing evolutionary processes of the worldwide invasive ascidian <i>Styela plicata<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0945-0249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carles","family":"Gali\u00e0\u2010Camps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Gen\u00e8tica, Microbiologia i Estad\u00edstica Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Department of Marine Ecology Centre d'Estudis Avan\u00e7ats de Blanes (CEAB\u2010CSIC)  Blanes Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2766-5953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Engu\u00eddanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ci\u00e8ncies Ambientals Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9229-5541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Turon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Ecology Centre d'Estudis Avan\u00e7ats de Blanes (CEAB\u2010CSIC)  Blanes Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6189-0612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Gen\u00e8tica, Microbiologia i Estad\u00edstica Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2478-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Carreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Gen\u00e8tica, Microbiologia i Estad\u00edstica Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/571647.571649"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2015.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013699998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.14242"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evu122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530\u2010022\u201002801\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.13016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsma.2017.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00201"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530\u2010019\u201002069\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13729"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr330"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab008"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Human\u2010mediated global dispersion of Styela plicata (Tunicata, Ascidiacea)","volume":"4","author":"Barros R. 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Schell T. Pegueroles C. Baranski D. Hamadou A. B. Turon X. Pascual M. Greve C. &Carreras C.(2024).Genomic richness enables worldwide invasive success. 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Brandt D. Y. C. Ilina A. &Nielsen R.(2022).Estimating population split times and migration rates from historical effective population sizes. 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